The heat supply system is designed to meet the needs of citizens in heating, ventilation and hot water. It must be organized in accordance with established requirements. Key prescriptions are present in Law No. 190-FZ. Consider some of its provisions.
General characteristics
The above federal law defines the legal basis for economic relations that are conditioned by the production, consumption, transfer of heat energy, heat power, heat carrier using heat supply systems from the source to the end consumer. The provisions of the document regulate the powers of state authorities and territorial administration for regulation and control in this area. Law No. 190-FZ also establishes the obligations and rights of energy users and service companies.
Provision features
As practice shows, heat consumption is more uneven than the use of hot water. This is due to the seasonality of energy supply to citizens. Yes, in the summerthe premises are not heated, but hot water is used. The duration of the heat supply season is set depending on the climatic conditions. Boilers and power plants can act as energy sources. Hot water is the heat carrier. High demands are placed on its purity. They are due to the fact that at elevated temperatures, impurities precipitate, as a result of which the heat supply networks fail. To prevent such situations, sophisticated chemical treatment facilities are being installed at energy sources.
Heat supply system
It includes an energy source, transmission elements and devices, consuming equipment. Heat supply systems are classified according to various criteria. The criteria are:
- Degree of centralization. Distinguish between centralized and decentralized systems. In the latter, energy is supplied from small boiler plants.
- Type of coolant. According to this criterion, water and steam installations are distinguished.
- Energy generation methods. Heat supply of the city can be carried out in a combined or separate way. In the first case, water is heated in conjunction with electricity generation.
- Water supply method. It can be done in an open way. In this case, water is directed to the water-folding devices directly from the heating network. The submission may also be closed. In this case, water from heating networks is used only as a heating medium for boilers. Of these, she enters the localhighway.
- Number of pipelines. Heating systems can be one-, two- and multi-pipe.
- Method of providing users with energy. Heat supply schemes can be single- and multi-stage. In the first case, consumers are connected directly to the highway. Multi-stage heat supply schemes involve the installation of control and distribution and central points. At the request of users, the water temperature can be adjusted in them.
Heat supply schemes: types
There are two ways to supply raw materials. In the first case, the coolant for hot water and heating enters through one pipeline. In such a situation, less raw materials flow along the return line than along the straight line. For the second heat supply scheme, a pipeline is installed for heating only. Users receive hot water directly in their premises, heating it with boilers or other installations. In this case, water from the heating system or another fuel, such as gas, can act as an energy source. Currently, in some localities, gas boilers are installed in almost every apartment.
Modern infrastructure
At present, the heat supply of a new-plan house is carried out, as a rule, with the help of complex engineering structures. They include compensators that perceive temperature elongations, regulating, disconnecting, and safety equipment. The latter is installed in special pavilions or chambers. Modern heat supplycity includes pumping stations, regional energy points and so on.
Current challenges
Currently, experts have identified a range of problems that make it difficult to create an effective mechanism for heat supply in cities. These difficulties include:
- Significant moral and physical deterioration of equipment.
- High line losses.
- Massive lack of accounting devices and regulators among citizens.
- Inflated heat load estimates.
- Gaps in the regulatory framework.
All these issues need to be resolved as soon as possible.
Updating the heat supply scheme
The development of infrastructure facilities in settlements is aimed at meeting the needs of the population by the most economical methods with minimal negative impact on nature. This activity is carried out according to the heat supply scheme. It must comply with the territorial planning documentation, the project for the placement of objects within the boundaries of the settlement. The bodies authorized by law annually develop, approve and update the heat supply scheme. The documentation must contain:
- Conditions for organizing centralized, individual and apartment heating.
- Schedules for the joint operation of sources operating in combined mode, as well as boiler houses. In addition, the document setsthe order of transferring objects to the "peak" mode.
- Decisions on the loading of thermal energy sources, taken according to the scheme.
- Radius of efficient energy supply. It should allow to establish conditions under which the connection of installations is inappropriate due to an increase in total costs.
- Measures to conserve excess sources.
- Measures for the conversion of boiler houses into combined generation facilities.
- Optimal temperature schedule and cost estimate if necessary to adjust it.
Key indicators
In the process of developing a heat supply scheme, it is necessary to ensure its safety. It is determined by indicators:
- Reservations.
- Uninterrupted operation and reliability of sources, equipment.
The system must provide a balance of energy and load, taking into account redundancy in both design and probable weather conditions. This takes into account the availability of spare energy sources owned by users.
Rules
The requirements for the content of schemes, as well as the procedure for their development, are established by acts approved by the government. The territorial rules adopted in accordance with these documents should ensure the openness of the procedure, the participation of representatives of service enterprises and consumers in it. The key decision-making criteria regarding the development of the heat supply scheme are:
- Guaranteed Reliability of Receiptenergy to users.
- Cost minimization.
- Priority of the combined method of generating electricity and heat. This takes into account the economic feasibility of the decision.
- Accounting for investment projects of organizations engaged in regulated activities in the field of heat supply, energy conservation and energy efficiency of enterprises, as well as projects of regional and municipal significance.
- Coordination of documentation with other programs for the development of engineering and technical infrastructure, including those related to gasification.
Extra
When implementing a project to increase the capacity of energy sources not at the expense of tariffs, payment for connection to the main line or budget funds, supplies can be made at prices established by the agreement. In this case, there must be an agreement with consumers for a period not exceeding 12 months. The amount by which power has been increased must be agreed with the regulator. For local self-government bodies, executive regional structures form the fuel and energy balance. Its compilation is carried out in the form and in the manner approved by the federal institution of power, which has the authority to implement the state policy in the field of heat supply.
