Since ancient times, man has enjoyed all the benefits of nature, including the earth's interior. At first, the most primitive tools were used to work with the earth: a pickaxe, a shovel, etc. With the development of progress, human needs increased, and more advanced equipment was needed. Now drilling the deepest well for the extraction of water and oil is not a problem. This is done using special equipment. Here a drill is used. This is a device that makes a hole in the ground through rotation.
Drilling history
Any instrument has a past. The drill is an ancient thing. Archaeological excavations show that as early as 25,000 years ago it was used to drill holes in various primitive devices.
The ancient Egyptians used rotary drilling to build pyramids. In China, the well-known Confucius today mentioned the drilling of wells in 600 BC. e. Their depth reached 900 m. And this, in turn, indicates a goodthe level of development of such technology even then. It is known that drilling began to develop in Russia in the 9th century. Basically, it was used for the extraction of table s alt.
Of course, the first drilling technologies were primitive and imperfect. Well walls often collapsed and collapsed. To avoid this, various fastenings were laid inside: hollow tree trunks, pipes woven from bark or sheet iron, etc.
There was another significant problem - the remains of the rock during drilling had to be constantly lifted up. To do this, they stopped the earthen drill and raised the used material. All this slowed down the process. But in 1846, the engineer Fauvel proposed an effective solution to this problem. To do this, they began to use flushing wells. Ordinary water was pumped from the surface of the earth through special pipes, carrying the rock up. This method became especially popular, as it ensured almost uninterrupted operation of the drilling rig.
As for the tools, initially the process was carried out with a special bit driven by a downhole motor. In addition, the design included pipes transporting water and rock.
The modern type of electric drill was formed in 1938. It was created by domestic engineers Aleksandrov and Ostrovsky.
Types of drills
A tool with such a long history and wide scope of use has many modifications.
Depending on the design, all drills can be divided into mechanical andelectrical. In this case, the first is driven by human power, and the second needs current energy. The electric drill consists of an electric motor, an auger and a handle. The advantage of a mechanical tool is its complete independence from any power source. Therefore, it is more mobile and cheaper. In addition, a self-made drill has such a design.
Depending on the structure, they distinguish:
- Drill bit.
- Bur-spoon.
- Coil.
- Baker.
Hand-held garden drill can also be divided into:
- Auger collapsible tool. It has the same design, but consists of separate parts. It is convenient to transport and store.
- Auger non-separable. One of the most common. Only works with fixed depth wells.
- Annular non-separable drill.
Scope of the tool
A modern drill is a device for destroying various rocks in the process of constructing cylindrical recesses.
Drilling wells is simply necessary for exploration and search for various minerals. Also, a drill is needed for their direct extraction.
There are a few more areas that require this kind of drilling:
- Blasting. Using a drill, holes of the required depth and diameter are made. Pre-prepared explosives and a catalyst are laid here. For the process to be directed, a very clear and careful calculation is needed.
- Laying various underground utilities. This is a direct telephonecommunications, electricity and more. Through the holes made, they are fed to almost any depth. This is especially important for the construction of the subway, the life support of mines and mines.
- Excavation of solid minerals. For such cases, a special diamond drill is most often used. A hole is made with this tool, from where the necessary rock is carefully removed.
- Draining wetlands. This is done through drainage. With the help of a drill, many holes are made through which the water leaves itself. This method has been used since ancient times.
- Artificial fixation of rocks. This is usually done at a depth of up to 30 m. Soils are fixed with swab injectors, which are installed using drills.
Classification of drilling rigs
It is known that for more efficient work it is necessary to use special tools. But in particularly complex industrial cases, entire complexes are used. Therefore, a person has learned to use the drill as the basis of an entire production line. At the same time, you can not only buy tools, but also build them yourself.
Depending on the type of drilling, there are:
1. Percussion instruments. This, for example, is a drill bit made of especially hard metal. Most often used for super-strong rocks.
2. Rotary tools. Here a spiral drill is used. This device is used for softer or looser rocks.
3. Combined drills. Combine the positive qualities of alltools.
By the nature of the destruction of rocks:
1. Solid drilling. In this case, destruction is carried out over the entire area of the face.
2. Core drilling. Often used in research work. The rock is destroyed exclusively along the ring.
By the type of working tool, drilling mechanisms are divided into:
1. Crushing and chipping. To do this, the tool has special teeth.
2. Cutting and chipping. They work on the basis of blades.
3. Cutting-abrasive. It uses diamond and carbide parts.
By the method of influence on the breed:
1. Mechanical drill. The principle of operation uses both rotational and impact technologies. A classic example is a manual pole drill. It is indispensable in the country and in a private residential building.
2. Non-mechanical drill. It is a hydraulic, electrophysical or thermal tool. To date, such devices are not widely used and are under development and improvement.
Drilling equipment of the USSR and Russia
A fairly large period of time in national history falls on the Soviet period. It was then that industry, science and agriculture were most developed. The heritage of these times is still used in many industries. And some designs are now the pride of the domestic industry.
The following rigs have entered the history of our drilling equipment:
1. BKM-303. This machine is used to install various supports andpiles in frozen soils. The diameter of the drill is about 80 cm, the load capacity is up to 1.5 tons.
2. BM-251. This prototype was introduced in 1969. Its purpose is to prepare wells for explosions. The drilling depth of these machines is 2.5 m. The device consists of 2 working bodies with a diameter of 1.1 m.
3. Mounted drilling equipment. This mobile unit was first released in 1982. Purpose - drilling in frozen ground.
4. Machine for thermomechanical drilling. This is a demolition prototype.
5. BM-1001. This earth drill carries out geological exploration work with the help of rotary percussion drilling.
From what and how to make a drill yourself?
In any private country house there are many problems that can only be solved with the help of special tools. This can be the organization of water supply, and the installation of various supports, and planting and caring for plants, etc.
Of course, everything you need can be easily found in any hardware store. But it is much cheaper and more practical to make a tool with your own hands. It won't take much time and effort.
Homemade drill is made using basic tools that are in almost every home or garage. To do this, you will need an abrasive wheel for turning cutting elements and a welding machine.
The device will consist of the drill itself, a metal pole and a special twisting handle. The work may also require fittings about 2 m long and a metal sheet.
Step by step assembly instructions
The drill is a fairly simple device. But even this tool has several features. Therefore, before you get down to business and design, for example, a home-made hand drill for poles, you need to carefully study the instructions.
Let's single out several stages:
1. Assembling and fixing the working blade. To do this, you need a sheet of durable metal. Moreover, you need to decide in advance on the type of work for which the drill will be used. The blanks should be 5-10 mm larger than the required hole diameter.
2. Preparation of the main base. For this, a rod is taken, which is firmly fixed in a vice. Then a couple of holes are made in it. Nuts with finished blades will be screwed here. Please note that these holes should be 1-2 mm larger.
3. Shaping the blades. To do this, you need a grinder. To give the blades the appearance of a kind of screw, a radial incision is made. Then their lower part is sharpened.
4. Sharp tip. This is necessary for working with various hard rocks and frozen ground. The end can be sharpened or welded on a pre-prepared drill. In this case, there must be screw grooves at the bottom of the rack.
5. Handle. It can be welded tightly or bolted, which will allow you to adjust the drilling depth. It is worth taking care of the wear and corrosion of structural elements in advance. Therefore, a manual drill must be treated with special compounds and coated with paint. And only after that it can be fully used.
Diamond drill:properties and scope
The needs of modern society are constantly growing. Therefore, science and progress do not stand still. Since the creation of the first drill, there has been a need to make wells not only in various rocks and frozen soils, but also in especially hard materials.
Therefore, new powerful tools have appeared that work in any conditions. One of these is the diamond drill. This device has excellent performance due to special coating.
As you know, diamond is the hardest material on earth. In terms of quality, it surpasses even concrete and metal. But the technology using diamond coating appeared only in the middle of the last century. It was used exclusively in Western countries. In Russia, this technology appeared a few years ago. At the same time, not only a diamond drill is used in the work, but also a diamond wire and cutting wheels. They differ in scope and device.
Diamond drill is a hollow metal cylinder. Diamonds are soldered on its edge. This tool is applicable for cutting materials such as:
- Brickwork.
- Foam concrete, reinforced and reinforced concrete.
- Granite.
- Marble and artificial stone.
- Metal.
- Asph alt concrete pavement.
The diamond drill works on the principle of grinding, when, with the help of appropriate spraying and soldering, the material breaks and is erased. It is actively used in construction and demolition, as well as in various typesproduction and even in scientific and research activities.
What is an auger drill used for?
Modern equipment is actively used not only in industrial but also in the household. The auger drill is most often used by non-professionals in the garden, in the country and in the private sector. It is a special pipe wrapped in steel tape. The screws are fastened together by thread and figured connection. The principle of operation of this tool is based on rotary drilling, in which the destruction of rocks occurs by loosening and cutting. The crushed material is delivered to the top by a special auger.
This type of equipment, like many others, has a number of features. Key benefits include:
- Easy to operate. Thanks to its design, using this tool is quite easy and convenient.
- Reduce tripping and increase drilling speed.
- Versatility. This tool is suitable for a wide variety of jobs: construction, research, etc. Any well with a hand drill is done quickly and easily. You don't have to be a pro to do this.
There are these types of tools used in auger drilling:
- Spade bits.
- Throughout and through construction augers.
- Drill rods.
- Auger cutters, auger bits and subs.
Some interesting facts
Practically every object or tool from our everyday life has its own history. And during this time, a huge number of various facts and interesting incidents accumulate. So with the usual drill today:
1. The deepest artificial well is Kola. Its drilling began in 1970. Until 1990, as many as 12,262 meters were dug. At the same time, an ordinary earthen drill was also used.
The price of such a tool today depends on the country of origin and the complexity of the equipment. A hand tool usually costs about 1,500-2,000 rubles, while foreign installations cost from 25,000 rubles and more.
2. Russia has a huge supply of underground fresh water. And the most effective way of production today is drilling wells. Even so, only 10% of the total inventory is used.
3. The impetus for the use of diamond coating for drilling rigs was given by the invention of synthetic diamond. At the same time, for the first time such instruments appeared in Europe. And then spread to the whole world.
4. The diamond wire and discs used in standard drilling equipment have evolved through advances in technology, materials and construction. They are specially designed for cutting particularly hard rocks. Diamond spraying can also have a foundation drill. This greatly speeds up and simplifies the work.
5. Fuel by means of drilling of wells began to be extracted for the first time in China. This was 2300 years earlier than the Europeans and Americans.
