Installation of floors is carried out according to certain requirements, since the strength of the entire structure of the house depends on this. In some rooms, water tightness, gas tightness and fire resistance are additionally taken into account.
In any case, the choice of the type of flooring is based on preliminary calculations, since an incorrectly made structure in the future not only means failure, but also poses a threat to the lives of people living in such a building.
Features
The strength of all floors is calculated according to the constant load, which is determined by the weight of the structure of the house (the part that is above), the mass of furniture, equipment and living people. Therefore, the overlap of the attic space can be lightweight, and the basement or first floor must necessarily have a reinforced system.
It is worth considering whether the attic floor will carry an additional load and whether it is planned to make a frequently used room there in the future. Also, according to SNiP, it must have very good thermal insulation.
Overlappings between floors are calculated according to such indicators as strength and bending, and also provide them with the required heat and sound insulation. According to the fire regulations of SNiP, in wooden buildings or partially wooden structures, the floor of the first floor should be made of non-combustible material, and the attic should be durable, because no vibrations should occur under wind loads.
In addition to strength, special attention should be paid to sealing the seams, because the main part of the heat loss of the building is carried out through the roof.
Monolithic
Overlapping is carried out by pouring concrete into the formwork, which can be removable or non-removable. The advantage of this type can be considered the uselessness of sealing the seams, also a characteristic feature is increased heat and noise insulation. However, this is a long and laborious process.
Firstly, the bottom should be covered with plywood, then reinforcement should be made throughout the entire volume, a large formwork should be driven out, and only then proceed with concrete pouring. At the same time, the cement grade should not be lower than 400. To perform the next stage of work, you should wait about a month, it is during this period that the concrete will completely harden.
Therefore, high-rise buildings are not built using this technology. Monolithic ceilings are made in the basement floors and rooms with high moisture. Most often, in two-, three-story frame buildings, the lower level is erected in this way, since an overlap with poor insulation contributes to the development of fungus and mold throughout the house.
Beam
Beams canserve as metal, wooden or reinforced concrete structures. That is, they carry the main bearing load (which is calculated for the entire floor area of this level), and the space between them is filled with structural material.
Tree
The overlapping of the first floor on wooden beams should be additionally treated with anti-fungal and fire-fighting agents. Sections must be left beveled and insulated with roofing material. The floor frame can be made open at the ceiling level of the lower floor. It is very beautiful because wood is a natural and environmentally friendly material.
Such a ceiling is erected in low-rise buildings, the weight of the structures allows them to be made manually. However, when choosing wood, you should pay attention to its percentage of moisture. All building, and even more structural elements are selected according to certain requirements given in SNiP.
Metal
This type of flooring is more durable, able to withstand heavy loads, and the installation of the building is carried out relatively quickly. However, the proportion of such products implies the presence of machines and mechanisms at the construction site.
The structures can cover fairly large spans (up to 8 meters), they are non-combustible, but require mandatory heat and sound insulation. If the floor system is made of metal (channel, I-beam, etc.), then the voids are most often filled with structural plates, after which the surface is covered with fineslag and a cement screed is made.
Hollow core slabs have characteristic advantages:
- Reduce the specific gravity of the structure.
- Due to the voids, they have heat and sound insulating qualities.
The use of such products is necessary in order to level the floor level, because the floor slabs have a certain height difference. This technological process of erecting partitions is carried out for buildings with a full and incomplete frame. For example, when in a two-level apartment the upper tier is smaller in area than the lower one. In addition, if possible, it is recommended to make a cantilever structure for small spans.
In other cases, when constructing the upper level, you should calculate its weight load and ensure a strong and reliable rack system.
Reinforced concrete
Most often used in the construction of multi-storey buildings to cover the first, second floor. Firstly, they are already ready in the form of hollow slabs come to the construction site. Secondly, installation is carried out only with the help of machines and mechanisms, which greatly facilitates and speeds up the construction process.
These slabs are laid on load-bearing structures and crossbars. Products are fastened with cement mortar with a fine fraction of sand. There should be no air chambers, as this will significantly reduce the heat and sound insulation of the building. Insulation is made with mineral wool, which is a non-combustible and environmentally friendly material.
Floor slabs between the first floor and the second are producedcertain standards, therefore, according to the architectural design, they can lie directly on the supporting structures, the main thing is that they lean on at least 15 cm. This is due to the fact that the internal reinforcement of the plate has clamps at the ends of 10 cm each. They do not work in tension - compression, but serve only as an integral part of the reinforcing link.
The main reinforcement is located between the voids and has a fairly high steel grade and cross-sectional diameter. Typically, reinforced concrete systems are supported by load-bearing walls or a crossbar, which has a base in the form of a series of columns or itself rests on walls. One way or another, the slabs should be laid only taking into account the pitch of the columns and observing all the norms.
Precast-monolithic
Such technologies are carried out using the construction of a structural ceiling grid (a structure that is calculated for strength and bending), the voids are filled with lightweight porous concrete (expanded clay, gas and foam concrete).
Concrete works in compression (in this case, its fragility is taken into account), and reinforcement in tension and deflection, therefore, after installing the blocks, the floor area is additionally covered with a reinforcing mesh. Next, the surface is poured with concrete, and after complete drying, it is covered with heat and sound insulating materials. Most often, expanded polystyrene or expanded clay is used for insulation.
This construction technology is suitable for low-rise building types. Due to the duration of the construction process, very good heat and noise insulation of the room is achieved, and the specific gravity of the floorless.
In terms of technical and design characteristics, porous blocks do not lose to reinforced concrete slabs. In such a house it will be cool in summer and hot in winter. It is wrong if the air temperature in the building changes dramatically due to external factors.
Working moments
Which overlap is better or worse is decided on an individual basis. It is better to trust a good architect who knows exactly where the golden mean is.
The installation of the floor beams on the first floor plays a huge role: speed, labor, material characteristics and other main features prescribed in SNiP.
In addition to all the above indicators of overlap, its specific gravity affects the total weight of the entire structure, which affects the choice of foundation. It, in turn, can also be of several types - depending on the type of building, its weight and foundation.
The cost of the foundation is about 30% of all construction costs, therefore, by reducing the weight of the floors, it is possible to reduce the load of the building on the foundation and, accordingly, the cost of construction as a whole.
Insulation of the floor of the first floor is most often done with bas alt wool, which is non-flammable and non-toxic. Waterproofing is made with roofing material and resins. The lowest floor should be protected as much as possible from moisture and heat loss, because the slightest freezing will lead to unwanted condensation and the appearance of moisture, rot.
What to consider?
The attic floor and interfloor are additionally covered with a vapor barrier film. Before erectionthe foundation is double waterproofed, but moisture is still formed as a result of the temperature difference between the external and internal space, so its level should be erected in accordance with all the rules and requirements.
Also, despite the advantages, different types of floors have disadvantages. For example, monolithic structures require teams of workers and special equipment. And in the case of concrete mortar, you will have to wait for it to harden to continue work for about a month.
The same wooden systems, although easier to install, require the mandatory processing of special compounds, and the service life is shorter.
Conclusion
No matter what type of flooring will be built, the main thing is to comply with all norms and phased construction requirements, since the slightest deviation from the norm can lead to undesirable consequences, up to the destruction of the structure.
Buildings in which construction rules were violated are not accepted for operation, because it is contrary to the norms and life-threatening.
In addition, during the installation process on the site, labor and life safety standards must be observed. The class of reinforcement, wood, brand of cement should not change in any case. Each characteristic is taken into account by the architect and agreed upon in design organizations.
Also, the developer cannot independently decide on changes in the construction of the building, i.e., for example, instead of reinforced concrete floor slabs on the ground floor, put metal ones. In any case, it is necessary to justifydecision and agreement with the architect. Only compliance with the technology will avoid mistakes during construction and guarantee the reliability of construction.
