An important attribute of the interior of a two-story house is a staircase. Many owners of cottages and cottages decide to make a similar object with their own hands. In this case, the design of the stairs will be an obligatory step. It needs to be calculated correctly. There are certain requirements that are put forward for such objects. This is necessary for the safe operation of the structure. How to calculate the stairs will be discussed in detail later.
Design Features
How to calculate the stairs to the second floor? This question is faced by all craftsmen who make such an object for the first time. This is a responsible event. The comfort and safety of movement along the steps, durability, aesthetics of the structure will depend on the correctness of the calculations. At the same time, the interior in the room must be taken into account.
There are several commonstructures of stairs. Their calculation is carried out in accordance with certain requirements of standards. Before starting the design, you will need to study what elements the structure consists of, which of them are mandatory and which are secondary.
It is also important to properly design the building. It should harmoniously complement the interior. In some cases, you want to create a stair with a turn. In other rooms, you can get by with the simplest design. How to calculate a staircase with or without a turn? There are generally accepted standards. They must be considered in detail before starting work.
Required items
When learning how to calculate the size of the elements of a wooden staircase, you need to consider which of them are mandatory and which are secondary. In the first case, such components are present in any design. Secondary elements are needed either for a certain type of structure, or to give it a certain appearance.
In any design of the presented type there are steps and supports. The materials from which they are made are subject to increased requirements. Steps consist of steps (horizontal plane) and risers (vertical plane). Not a single construction can do without the first part. The risers are not always used. They only provide additional support for walking.
Support for the mid-flight stairs is made in the form of a bowstring or stringers. The second variety supports the steps from below. The string providesthe same function, but only from the ends. Stairs on bolts are based on special fasteners. These are strong screws that are screwed into the wall and the end of each step. The screw design rests on the rack. This is a mandatory element for this kind of stairs.
Additional items
Considering the features of the process, how to calculate the stairs to the second floor, you need to pay attention to additional structural elements. So, if it is built between two walls, railings and supports for them (balusters) are considered to be such components. In other cases, the presence of such components is mandatory.
Rails are needed so that a person can confidently go up and down the stairs. Balusters support them. At the same time, such a structure performs the function of a fence. This prevents a person from falling from a height. According to safety rules, if the staircase is not built between two walls, railings and balusters are mandatory in this case.
An additional element is a platform between two flights of stairs. It is created in certain cases. Sometimes the room does not allow you to create a design that would meet all the requirements. In this case, the use of one or more spans can solve this issue.
Requirements for the flight ladder
One of the simplest types of structures is a mid-flight staircase, it consists of one or more spans with steps, which are mounted on a bowstring or stringers. The construction takes a lotfree space in the room.
One march must contain at least 3 steps. At the same time, their maximum number is 16 pieces. If the height of the room is large, it will be necessary to provide one vertical span in the center of the structure. The slope angle of such structures should be 30-55º. If this requirement cannot be met in a particular room, a turntable is created. It will allow you to break the structure into several marches, making the slope gentle.
There is a certain technique for how to calculate a staircase with a turn or just a horizontal span. Its value should be equal to the average step of a person (50 cm).
When choosing materials, most often the owners of private houses prefer wood. The thickness of the boards for the supports should be 6-7 cm. If a metal profile is used, it must withstand significant loads. The ladder can withstand a load of about 350 kg/m². Based on this, materials for construction are selected.
Comfort and safety
When considering how to calculate a ladder, you need to pay attention to the fact that such an object must first of all be safe and comfortable to use. Only after meeting these requirements can attention be paid to the design.
Stairs must have railings. They should be located at a height of 80-90 cm from the surface of the steps. The distance between the balusters can be 25-30 cm. If there are small children in the house, this indicatordecreases to 9-15 cm.
The number of steps should be such that a person starts with one foot and ends with the other. This rule increases the comfort of using the object. Also, all steps must be the same size. Otherwise, a person may stumble and fall. The muscles of the legs remember how high the leg was raised before. If the next step is higher, you can stumble. The surface cannot be slippery.
Steps
There are special requirements on how to calculate the height of the stairs. If they are too high, it will be difficult for people of age and children to move along such a design. Too many small steps are tiring. It will seem that the rise is endless. The optimal value is the height of steps 10-15 cm. Based on this indicator, their number will be calculated.
You also need to create steps of the correct width. It should not be less than 20 cm. It is better that the tread be 25-30 cm wide. The foot of an adult should stand completely on this plane. It is unacceptable that the toe rests on the riser of the next step, and the heel is in the air. Focusing only on the toes is uncomfortable and unsafe.
Span dimensions
There are a few more recommendations on how to calculate the stairs. The span should be at least 80 cm. It is better if this value is increased to 100 cm or even 120 cm. The area between the spans should be 50 cm. If it is turning, you need to draw a center of rotation. Draw a circle from it. Its radius is the average length from the edge to the center of the steps (for example, 60 cm if the span is 120 cm wide). The circumference, which will be between the first and second flight with steps, must be a multiple of 50 cm.
Calculation of stairs
How to calculate the degree of the stairs, its rise and the number of steps? First you need to measure the room. Next, a plan is drawn on paper with an indication of the exact dimensions. First, draw a line from the top floor beam to the floor. Further from the point at which this line connects to the floor, lay off the distance to the end of the room or zone in which the structure will be located. There is a 90º angle between these lines.
Next, you need to draw an inclined plane from the edge of the horizontal line to the edge of the vertical line. It turns out a right triangle. Next, you need to measure the angle of inclination of the hypotenuse of the triangle on the plan. It should be 30-55º. If it is smaller, you need to shorten the bottom line. If the slope is steeper, create a structure with turntables.
Next, determine the number of steps. It is necessary to divide the height of the room by the height of the riser (10-15 cm). Next, steps are applied to the plan. After that, it will be possible to work out every detail of the stairs, make them with your own hands.
Spiral staircase
There are several features of how to calculate the steps of a spiral staircase. A rack is installed in its center. The narrow end of the step will be attached to it. To the periphery they will be significantlyexpand.
In the center, the tread should be at least 20 cm. At the same time, near the counter, it can narrow to almost 5 cm. From the outside, such a tread will have a width of at least 42 cm. This is a prerequisite when creating screw structures.
The height of the steps should be 10-15 cm. In this design, it is extremely important to make steps with a large number of balusters. They should be at a distance of about 15 cm from each other. These are simple requirements that will allow you to create a comfortable and safe design.
Having considered how to calculate the stairs, each master will be able to create such an object correctly with his own hands. It will be durable, safe and comfortable to use.
