Design work involves the development of technical documentation, which is later used as the basis for the implementation of the construction object. Architectural solutions in this context play the role of a link between the constructive, functional and aesthetic aspects of the implementation of the plan. The building is being built taking into account the requirements for its practical operation, but, if possible, artistic and aesthetic adjustments are also made. An architectural and planning solution is not complete without amendments to third-party aspects of the operation of the facility. The developers take into account the social, economic, sanitary and environmental requirements and conditions in which the future building will be used.
Layout elements
Planning affects several categories of individual groups of architectural and structural objects from which the building is formed. This list, as well as the technical requirements for the implementation of the project, is determined by a special set of rules (SP). Architectural and planning decisions today are regulated by document SP 31-107, according to which the following categories of planning elements are distinguished:
- Entrance group. This category includes vestibules, vestibule areas, rooms for attendants, etc.
- Escape routes and stairwells.
- Elevator nodes and openings. Some plans also include chute channels in this category.
For each of the listed groups, architects select the optimal placement parameters in terms of ergonomics of use and safety.
Solving environmental security issues
Designing a residential building, as already noted, involves taking into account environmental and sanitary conditions. Without fail, specialists must take into account the indicators of the gamma background and radioactive radiation at the site, which is being prepared for construction work. If the measurements showed an unacceptably low level of environmental safety, then the architectural and planning decisions of residential buildings will have to include measures to limit the penetration of radioactive substances into the premises from the underground.
Usually, architects are faced with the task of isolating technical underground rooms and the basement in order to neutralize gas mixtures. As a rule, the struggle is with radon radiation. In practice, such tasks are implemented by sealing structural joints and crevices, intensive ventilation of the underground, etc. Dangers can also come from nearby parking lots. In this situation, the architectural and planning solution of the building also aims to organize a barrier from exhaust gases. For thisspecial structural superstructures are being designed, including canopies over the entrances. In modern projects, parking lots are initially located away from the windows and entrances of residential buildings.
Noise insulation
Minimizing the amount of noise entering living spaces is a necessary measure in terms of comfort. Initially, work in this direction is implemented through the favorable orientation of the premises. For example, technical and utility rooms are located on the side close to the main streets. Living rooms, on the contrary, are oriented towards the quietest side - for example, towards the courtyard. But the main methods of reducing unwanted noise impact are laid by architectural space-planning solutions in terms of structural construction and finishing works.
This means that the wall material must have a certain thickness and structure suitable for providing sufficient sound insulation. So, an effective noise barrier is created by foam and aerated concrete blocks, but they lose to traditional brick in terms of strength and durability. In terms of finishing, insulation can be achieved with mineral wool, styrofoam boards, felt pads, etc.
Providing insolation
Insolation is also an important parameter for a comfortable and safe living. It indicates the level of exposure to direct solar radiation on residential premises. Normalization of this indicator is achieved byoptimal distance between mutually shading facades. In this case, one cannot do without taking into account the construction orientation of objects. The developers of the project are no longer just selecting the optimal sides for the placement of residential premises, but are regulating the most acceptable orientations of the buildings and sections themselves. In conditions of dense buildings, an architectural and planning solution can provide standard insolation through additional techniques. These include the use of swivel structural inserts, offset sections, placement of lift units and stairwells in a shaded corner, etc.
Regional specifics in planning
Regulatory acts subdivide the regions according to the peculiarities of climatic conditions, offering special requirements for each group. The first group, for example, should be designed with a minimum number of input group elements. You should also take into account the possibility of minimizing snow drifts and heat loss. The second and third categories provide for the deepening of buildings with more effective wind and snow protection.
To reduce cold air infiltration, additional entrances to buildings are being introduced from both sides. Indoor insulation is implemented by standard methods, as provided for by a typical architectural and planning solution. Territories with severe frosts are not recommended to be built up with buildings with a height of more than 4-5 floors. Otherwise, roof alignment is excluded, and attic spaces should receive enhanced wind protection.with insulation.
Apartment layouts
The development of projects for apartments primarily aims at the optimal selection of dimensions and area for each room. In this case, optimal parameters are understood as values that will allow you to conveniently place the necessary furniture, equipment and household appliances. The layout itself is developed taking into account the mentioned climatic, as well as everyday and demographic factors. The type of apartment is also taken into account - for the private sector or social hiring. The regulatory requirements for the architectural and planning solution for apartments also establish specific boundaries in terms of area. For example, in a one-room apartment, a common room should have an area of at least 14 m22. If there are 2 or more living rooms, then this value increases to 16 m2.
Possibilities for transforming the layout
Ideas for remodeling apartments often arise from modern new settlers. This is especially true for objects of the old layout, which do not fit into the new ideas about interior design. Therefore, new houses are guided by the possibility of future change. What does this imply? At a minimum, the owner will be able to resize the premises, combine rooms or change functional areas. In the most flexible version, the architectural and planning solution also allows for the possibility of combining apartments on the same floor. These are radical approaches to transformation, the implementation of whichimplies a radical re-equipment of utility engineering networks.
Planning general premises
Opportunities for organizing public spaces inside residential buildings are initially taken into account in the project or are further equipped according to the built-in-attached method. In this case, the architectural and planning solution takes into account the potential impact of this type of premises on the overlying living rooms. Noise indicators, air pollution, the impact of newly introduced engineering equipment, etc. are assessed.
Conclusion
A feature of architectural and planning documentation is that it allows considering the quality characteristics of buildings outside the main line of technical requirements for the strength, durability and reliability of the object. Engineers focus on this set of parameters, often ignoring other operational aspects. Integrated architectural and planning design solutions, in turn, offer to take into account the needs of residents for ergonomics and safety. These requests are based on the research of specialists in different fields. The same normative documents and codes of practice are being developed by employees of sanitary services, environmentalists, designers, estimators, etc.
