Designing houses with several stages is a common practice not only in the segment of large companies that are engaged in the construction of multi-storey buildings, but also in private housing construction. In the second case, the owners also seek to squeeze the maximum benefit out of the attic and basement spaces. But high-quality and durable construction of such houses is impossible without the correct technical and structural organization of floors. The device of this element can be different - depending on the specific requirements for construction and operating conditions, the optimal design option with certain dimensions and protective properties is selected.
General information about interfloor overlap
In construction, several types of floors are used, including basement, attic,basements, etc. Interfloor ceilings are not always used, but only in projects where it is planned to build a building of at least two floors. In any case, the separable levels must be securely held by the load and represent a fully isolated space. As a rule, interfloor floor slabs of a certain format are used for such structural tasks. Standards for the production of such plates facilitate their installation, allowing them to fit into standard projects of residential and non-residential buildings. If we talk about overlapping tasks, then there are several of them. Firstly, it is a necessary structural element that performs the functions of dividing the space and receiving the load from the upper floor. Secondly, there is a whole list of insulating functions that can be in the nature of thermal, noise, biological and other protective delimitation between different levels of the house.
Monolithic concrete slabs
One of the most common structural solutions in Russia for organizing floors in multi-storey buildings, and recently optimized versions of cast-in-situ concrete elements have been used in industrial and private cottage construction.
From the point of view of the structural device, conventional floor slabs (PB) of this type are reinforced, that is, reinforced concrete panels with a thickness of 5-10 cm, a length of 200 to 270 cm and a width of 80-200 cm. factor, empty niches can be provided in the structure of such plates - as a rule, cylindrical cavities penetrating alloverlap in length. The manufacturing technology provides for the creation of formwork, which is poured with a concrete mixture (with M400 cement) and subsequently reinforced with metal rods in different configurations.
Among the disadvantages of monolithic concrete slabs with reinforcement, a large mass is noted, which complicates many transportation and installation processes, not to mention the need for careful calculation of the load capacity of the building frame. Actually, for this reason, put-formers are used at the stage of pouring and curing the concrete mass. On the other hand, the arrangement of floors based on reinforced concrete increases the reliability of the structure, and also makes it possible to dispense with special jumpers and transition nodes to strengthen the carrier system. But such elements are expensive, and for technical reasons, they can not be used in every project, which is especially true for private houses.
Prefabricated-monolithic floors
More technological and functional execution of a reinforced concrete slab with a solid structure. Its difference lies in the fact that the structure is assembled on site from several components with different tasks. A typical overlap device with such a structure provides for the following elements:
- Support beams. Specially shaped metal power components that form niches for laying the main filling of the slab. Beams resemble stiffeners, performing the functions of delimiting and strengthening the structure. It can be said that this is the structural power skeleton of the overlap.
- Insert block. Tathe very base-filler, which forms about 60-70% of the overlap structure. This block is made of lightweight composite materials or dense foam and can perform structural and insulating tasks. According to the cellular principle, it is placed in niches formed by beams.
- Concrete panels. According to the principle of forming a screed, a kind of shell of concrete pavement is laid, closing all the joints and seams of the assembled slab.
- Reinforcing cage. Together with the concrete screed, reinforcement is performed, the elements of which can penetrate into the gaps between the block inserts in various configurations.
Modern technology of prefabricated monolithic slabs makes it possible to build strong and durable ceilings without high costs for transportation and lifting of material, the load on which is calculated in the range of 500-600 kg/m2. Again, many potential consumers may be confused by the price issue, since both components and assembly technology will cost a lot, but in terms of performance, this is one of the best solutions in this niche.
Timber floors
Wood today retains a strong position in the market as a building material with a unique combination of characteristics and properties. First of all, this material is valued for its environmental friendliness, ease and ease of installation. Obviously, this set of qualities is especially appropriate at the stage of floor construction.
The simplest technology for installing wooden floors between floors in a private house involves the use of beamsabout 70-80 mm thick, filler and sheathing. That is, the tiled coating is assembled according to the same principle as the assembly-monolithic structures, but from other materials. The main attention is given to the beams, which will bear the main load. By the way, it is not necessary to look for a single board of a large format - experts even recommend using the technology of paired layout of two boards, forming a single block.
As for the filler of the slab and sheathing, in this part the choice of materials is much wider. Firstly, with regard to the filler, the installation of floors in wooden houses is often implemented with insulation inserts - for example, mineral wool mats or bulk material are used. In such houses, the power resistance of the floor is not in the first place, and rather stringent requirements are imposed on thermal insulation in cold regions. Secondly, if we are talking about stone, panel or brick objects, then the internal space can be provided with communication shafts for laying pipelines, cable routes and other engineering networks, if the design allows.
In the choice of cladding, attention is drawn to the range of chipboard panels. For example, these can be plywood sheets, chipboard, MDF and other products characterized by a sufficient margin of safety and structural reliability. Another important point in choosing such a skin is environmental friendliness. The fact is that the adhesive components in the same chipboard and MDF do not always meet the requirements for materials,used in residential areas.
Coverings based on SIP panels
Improved version of wood panel technology. The features of this solution include two points:
- I-beams are used as beams. This is a reinforced structure, which is assembled from an intermediate chipboard rib and two bars, which are superimposed on this rib from above and below by joining in grooved joints. The result is a fairly rigid yet compact and lightweight structural beam.
- Several I-beams above and below are covered with OSB sheets, also forming a hollow space inside the ceiling. Moreover, for such purposes, special modifications of environmentally friendly sheets with a thickness of about 20 mm with a clearly calibrated geometry are used. The advantages of this arrangement are evidenced by the fact that the finished wooden floors between floors in a private house made of SIP panels do not require further technical refinement before performing decorative and finishing work. Tiles, linoleum, laminate, etc. can be laid directly on the finished slab base.
Means of reinforcing floors
Correction of bearing potential indicators is often required when using wooden and lightweight reinforced concrete floors. There are several ways to solve such problems - including reinforcement, the use of high-quality fasteners (brackets, anchors, dowels, corners), installation of props, etc. But if insufficient carrierability was identified already during operation under dynamic loads, then the capabilities of the master will be limited in terms of design changes. In this case, special reinforcement elements are required, which are introduced into the floor device without a fundamental change in its structure. Such devices include metal linings, bandages and reinforcing belts for supports with reinforcements. Installation is carried out along the contours of the wall surfaces at reliable points using the same structural hardware. Especially to increase the bending strength of wooden beams, it is recommended to use several narrow overlay bars. They are knocked out from the sides of the stiffeners in the inner niche of the ceiling. This reinforcement can be done for all beams, which will evenly distribute the load.
Features of floors in a three-story house
In private housing construction, projects of three-story objects are always overgrown with additional restrictions associated with an increase in the responsibility of the load-bearing frame. In this case, the strict prohibition measures do not bypass the overlap systems. The main limitation in this part concerns the use of monolithic reinforced concrete slabs and beam ceilings, in the bearing base of which steel beams are used. What floor structures are allowed in three-story private houses? The optimal solution may be a prefabricated SIP-slab in a reinforced version. Free space with I-beams should be completely subordinated to the tasks of strengthening with thin reinforcing sheets and overlays,connecting the ceiling to the walls. During the design and installation process, it is important to strike a balance between building strength and limiting its mass, as excessive weight gain can become critical for the frame of the house.
Thermal insulation of floors
From the point of view of insulation, floors are an important structural part. Of course, the role of the insulator in this case is not so important compared to attic slabs, but in order to increase the comfort of the microclimate, these opportunities must be used. Almost the only option for floor insulation in this part will be filling the internal space of prefabricated structures. As already noted, mineral fiber mats can be used, as well as various coverings of natural origin, like felt. Together with heat insulators, it is recommended to lay means of constructive fire protection. Sprayed thick-layer compositions are best suited for this - fire-resistant plasters, coatings and other materials with air gaps.
Insulation of the attic floor
In complex thermal insulation, it is important to provide for the protection of the uppermost floor, which conditionally separates the living quarters from the attic or attic. It is here that there is the greatest number of cold bridges that affect the temperature regime. The features of the insulation of the attic floor include the wide possibilities of using bulk materials. In this capacity, sawdust, expanded clay, bulk perlite and polystyrene granules are optimally suited. Backfilling is carried out in a ceiling niche,the inner surfaces of which were previously protected by hydro and vapor barriers. This solution is also suitable for those who plan to organize a heat-insulating barrier without overloading the ceiling. Unless expanded clay in a large layer can give a noticeable increase in weight, but polystyrene or dry sawdust can be safely used even in weak load-bearing structures. Again, do not forget about proper fire protection.
Conclusion
Building floor - one of the most important structural elements of the house. The nature of its implementation depends on many factors, but modern technologies make it possible to find the optimal solution in a variety of cases. Among the main characteristics of the floor in the house, sufficient bearing capacity, resistance to dynamic loads and structural compliance with the frame should be highlighted. At the same time, the latest technologies increase the importance of the functionality of floors. This property can be expressed in providing the possibility of laying insulating materials and communication lines directly in the slab niche.
