One of the most common types of buildings in our country today are frame. In structures of this type, the main load from the roof and facades is borne by a complex system of beams, racks and lintels. This technology can be built using ordinary small private houses, as well as high-rise buildings or, for example, production workshops.
Benefits
The main advantage of using the frame method of building houses is the freedom of planning decisions. Also, the advantages of this technology include:
- greater building construction speed;
- ease of construction;
- cheapness of finished structures.
Frame houses weigh less than buildings built using other technologies. And therefore, it is not necessary to pour too powerful foundations under them.
Types of frame systems
The load-bearing battens of buildings can be classified according to two main features:
- in terms of material used for assembly;
- the way the elements are connected.
Themselvesthe components of the frames of houses are divided into load-bearing structures and connections.
Types of systems by material used and their characteristics
The skeletons of buildings using this construction technology can be erected from different materials. In private housing construction, during the construction of low-rise buildings, the frame is usually assembled from timber and boards. Various industrial premises, warehouses, as well as all kinds of small architectural forms (arbors, verandas) are most often built on metal crates.
Most often, multi-storey residential and administrative buildings are erected on reinforced concrete frames. In this case, finished reinforced concrete beams of different sections and lengths are used to assemble the skeleton.
Recently, in Russia, the technology of building on a reinforced concrete frame and private low-rise buildings has also become popular. In this case, the skeleton of the building, as well as the ceilings, are usually poured right on the spot in the formwork with reinforcement.
The advantage of wooden frame building systems is primarily low cost. The disadvantage of crates of this type is the relative fragility. The advantages of metal frames include strength and speed of assembly. Their downside is the high cost.
The main advantage of concrete cores is durability. The disadvantages include some difficulty in installation. Ready-made reinforced concrete elements of frame systems of this variety can be mounted in place only using special equipment. When pouring such frames on the spot, you have to wait a long timeconcrete maturation, as well as assemble / disassemble and rearrange formwork from place to place.
Varieties by connection method
When erecting buildings and structures, the following types of frames can be assembled:
- frame;
- frame-bonded;
- liaison.
The first type of framework is a system of crossbars, columns and ceilings, rigidly connected into a stable and durable spatial structure. Frame-bonded frames are assembled in approximately the same way. However, in this case, the horizontal rigidity of the building is enhanced by the use of (most often metal) horizontal elements set diagonally.
Bound frame systems of walls are characterized primarily by the fact that all horizontal forces in them in both directions are transmitted through interfloor ceilings to rigid diaphragms. The skeleton frames themselves in this case are calculated only for vertical loads.
The main elements of the wooden crate
In the construction of low-rise suburban residential buildings and summer cottages, in the vast majority of cases, just such a frame system is assembled. It has the following structural elements in its composition:
- top and bottom harness;
- wall studs;
- crossbars;
- logs and beams;
- roof rafters.
Method of assembling wooden crates
Installation of frames of this type is usually carried out using the following technology:
- anchors are poured into the foundation at the stage of constructionnot too big pitch bolts;
- lags are set;
- after the foundation concrete has matured, the lower trim is fixed on the bolts;
- frame racks are attached to the harness;
- top trim is mounted;
- floor beams are being installed.
The frame elements of this variety can be fastened, for example, by cutting. Also, very often, the wooden skeletons of buildings are assembled simply using metal corners. Fasteners of this type for mounting the crate are supposed to choose only the highest quality and, of course, galvanized.
After assembling the wall frame in such houses, a roof truss system is erected. The method of its construction usually looks like this:
- pre-cut rafter legs are attached to the top harness;
- above, these elements are connected into single trusses using metal plates.
After installing the insulation and waterproofing, narrow boards of the crate are stuffed over the rafters, on which the roofing sheathing material will be attached in the future.
Installation of metal structures
Such load-bearing frame systems are usually fabricated from thin-walled steel profiles in factories and delivered directly to the building site. Only during the construction of small architectural forms, such battens can be assembled, for example, from a steel angle, metal pipes of round and square cross section, etc. In this case, the elements are connected usingwelding. Sometimes bolts can also be used to assemble the lathing of small architectural forms. If necessary, the elements of such frames are given the desired shape (for example, arched) using a pipe bender.
Factory finished frames, racks, trusses, beams initially have assembly holes. The installation of the frame system in this case is usually limited to screwing in the bolts. Particularly important elements in the crates of this type are fixed with rivets.
Subsequently, the enclosing structures of such a building are simply insulated and sheathed with facade and roofing materials. The advantages of buildings on such a frame include the fact that, if necessary, they can be easily disassembled and transported to another place.
For the installation of such frame systems of houses, anchors are also pre-poured into the foundation. They are then directly attached to the crate racks through their wide soles. After installing these elements, proceed to the installation of crane beams. Next, roof trusses are mounted.
Features of the assembly of concrete frames
The skeletons of this type include three main elements:
- columns;
- basis of stairwells;
- crossbars.
Professional construction uses rather complex technologies for the construction of such buildings. Low-rise houses of this type are built according to a relatively simple method.
In this case, the floor slab of the first floor is poured on the pile foundation in the formwork. Further also in the pre-assembledcolumns are erected. Subsequently, the overlap of the second floor is poured onto them. All elements in the process of erecting such a concrete core are fastened to each other through reinforcement.
Seams formed between structures in the frame system of a building using this technique are called cold. So that they do not weaken the structure of the building, when pouring the elements, they try to make the bonds between the already hardened and still viscous concrete more stable. To do this, the surfaces of plates and columns that have already gained strength are preliminarily cleaned.
Buildings are erected on a monolithic reinforced concrete frame only in the warm season. In winter, flooding the structures of such skeletons is highly discouraged. At low temperatures, concrete does not gain sufficient strength during solidification.
