At the moment, there are several stages of design, and to be more precise, two. They are designated as PD and RD, and are deciphered as design and working documentation. If compared by cost, then it is distributed as a percentage: 40% and 60%. At the moment when PD is present at the design stage, it is mainly used for submission to architectural authorities. You can also get a building permit, pass an examination and much more. Working documentation of the DD is created at the stage when installation work is started. On their basis, you can create a package of documents for the tender or make an estimate.
Characteristics of the PD stage
Project documentation should be developed in accordance with GOST, it is subject to a number of requirements that are associated with design and development. All the ideas that have arisen in the process of working on the project should be displayed on the drawings. Allprojects are implemented by engineers, who further group all the developments and combine them into one whole.
Works at the design stage of PD should be coordinated in general data except for drawings. At the moment the customer submits a request for work, it is not necessary to develop the entire complex, you can only work on what is required at a particular point in time.
All project documentation must be completed in volumes that are defined at the legislative level. There are 12 volumes in total. They contain all the information, from the design of explanatory notes to construction estimates and other documentation that is required by law. Of the entire series, the information for volume 5, which includes several editions, is described in more detail. The books contain detailed information about equipment for engineers.
A lot of time and effort goes into the stage of designing and completing PD. Since it is she who is the main one in the development of the future structure. Documentation should be handled by qualified professionals with experience.
Characteristics of the RD stage
After the project documentation has been approved, it is worth moving on to full detail, paying attention to all the little things and nuances. This function is performed at the stage of working documentation.
All documentation is drawn up in accordance with GOST. RD includes the development of documents for the installation work. Working documents consist mainly of drawings, whichgrouped according to purpose. Based on the submitted documents, a work schedule, estimates and other documentation that the developer will need in the process of performing work is drawn up. The number of drawings can be any, but they should be considered as a whole. All drawings are numbered and signed in advance by the specialist responsible for their development.
What are the stages in the construction process?
In 2008, a provision came into force, on the basis of which there are no design stages in construction. Instead of stages, working and design documents were introduced: PD and RD. But, despite this, there is an option when both types of documentation are developed simultaneously. In this case, we can talk about the design, which is carried out in one stage. If working documents are drawn up after the project has already been approved, then we can talk about two stages of design in construction.
Projects for large objects are being developed in two stages. First of all, a project is developed and only after that the drawings. Small projects can be developed in one step. But in this case, it should be borne in mind that the structure should be typical and not cause any particular difficulties.
Stages used in design
At the moment when the customer needs to develop a project, when contacting the company, you need to know which stage is required. For the lightest projects, a one-stage design and development activity is envisaged. For predicamentsThere may be two jobs. Particularly complex projects often involve three steps.
For example, if a project is being developed for the electrical supply of a residential building, then one stage is needed, if the building is administrative - two, for factories and large supermarkets there may be three. The cost of developing each stage can vary greatly and depends entirely on the state level of prices that are set for construction work.
The main design stages include:
- feasibility study - technical and economic justification.
- FER - technical and economic calculations.
- EP - sketch of projects
- P - project.
- WP - working draft.
- P - working papers.
Characterization of stages in the design process
- feasibility study and feasibility study. Developed by order of the customer. Designed for facilities that have a production, transport or engineering purpose and need to make an informed decision to carry out construction work. FER is used for simple objects with industrial purposes. Compared with the feasibility study, the work is being carried out in a short time.
- EP. Development is carried out on the basis of an order, when the customer needs to determine a number of requirements for an architectural, urban planning or other object. To justify the decision made, it is necessary to make calculations for all design decisions, as well as an estimate and engineering diagrams for the facility.
- P. The project begins to be developed based on the building, initial data andapproval of the project, which is carried out in three stages. Information in the project is presented clearly and concisely.
- RP. This stage of documentation design is suitable for simple objects and for those buildings that are planned to be reused. The RP mainly consists of several parts, which include approved and working documents.
- R. Development is carried out according to the approved data at the previous stage. After the project is approved by the customer, working documents begin to be developed by the project author or other designer. Another designer can start work only if the copyrights to the project are respected.
Which stages are for object designs?
The stages of designing objects are distinguished depending on the level of complexity. There are 5 species in total:
1. Objects that have 1 and 2 difficulty categories are performed:
- in one step with a working draft;
- in two steps with a draft sketch.
2. Objects with the 3rd category of complexity are carried out in two stages: project and working documentation.
3. For objects with 4 and 5 difficulty categories, there are three stages:
- EP for non-production buildings and feasibility studies;
- project development;
- working papers.
Design done in one step
At the moment when one stage of designing a technicalobject, decisions are made in conjunction with the process of creating working documents. All results that will be achieved in the course of the work should be reflected in the working draft. Simultaneously with this work, all other issues must be resolved.
For approval, that information part in the project, which is especially significant, is suitable. Documents that need approval are sent to expert companies, where they will be agreed upon. The necessary drawings for the job must be prepared before the result comes from the expert company.
This scheme has a number of advantages. For example, the time allotted for design work is reduced by several times, which makes it possible to almost halve the cost of the work provided. But in this case it is impossible to exclude the fact that the project may require some adjustments. Therefore, it is more expedient to use this scheme in those moments when the designed buildings are typical or are being built again.
Design done in two steps
There are also two stages in the design process. All work in this case can be divided into two stages. At the first stage, solutions for the future project are developed, and at the second stage, all working documents are formed. When developing a project, general issues are considered and resolved. After the complex of all project documents is formed, it is sent for examination, which is carried out by state or non-state structures. If fromexperts receive some recommendations related to making adjustments, then changes are made to the project based on this.
As soon as the experts agree on the project and make the necessary amendments, you can begin to develop the drawings necessary for work. They will be used in the future during installation work. If the project is complex, then a pre-project decision is drawn up before developing decisions on the project. This method allows you to avoid repeated changes to drawings, it guarantees a high quality project that meets all requirements, documents and technical specifications.
What are project documents made of?
Let's consider the design stages and the composition of project documentation. With the stages in this case, everything is clear, they were discussed above. Their main difference lies in the sequence of decisions made. The composition of the documents depends on how many stages were used in the process. The entire composition of project documents is approved at the legislative level. There are 11 main sections in total:
- Drawing up an explanatory note. In this case, a document is presented that describes and explains all the decisions made in the process of work.
- A master plan is used to map out a plot of land allocated for construction work.
- In order to visually see the future building and understand how it will be arranged and function in the future, it is usedarchitectural solution.
- All load-bearing walls of the building must be worked out, constructive solutions are provided for this.
- Also, the package with documents should include information about communication systems: gas pipeline, water supply, sewerage system, ventilation system, electricity.
- Construction work must also be organized sequentially at the construction site.
- Don't forget about assembly and disassembly work, which also requires organization.
- It is worth considering the activities that are responsible for the preservation of the environment in the process of work. There is a requirement here - compliance of the structure with fire safety.
- Any building should be provided for all categories of citizens, including those with disabilities.
- In the course of the work, activities should be carried out that are aimed at increasing energy efficiency.
- At the legislative level, other documentation is provided for, which requires coordination and approval with regulatory authorities and the customer.
Pre-project documents
Stages and design stages are also found in pre-project documents, which are primary documentation reflecting complex solutions using sketches and models developed in special programs. At this stage, the following issues are being considered and resolved:
- The layout of the future building is revealed on the plot of land allocated for construction.
- The technical and economic calculations are being carried out, which are necessary in order to make the project more attractive to the planned investors.
- The building must fit into the architecture of the area, for which the corresponding project is also considered and drawn up.
- Don't forget about the functionality of the future building, which should be convenient for all visitors.
Project stage
The design stage project is considered the most responsible and time-consuming stage. At this stage, the safety of all structures that are being built in the process of construction work is ensured. The developed project complies with all established norms and requirements, which are prescribed in regulatory documents. The design process does not provide for a thorough check of the nodes. All documents included in the project consist of two sections, which include text and graphic documents.
The text section contains information on all technical decisions that were made during the design. Explanations and relevant links to documents and calculations that will be needed to perform further work are also attached.
The graphic part includes all drawings, diagrams, plans and models developed through special programs. Decisions within the framework of the project must necessarily be subject to expert evaluation to identify shortcomings and further adjustments. After the project has been reviewed by experts anda positive decision has been made regarding it, you can proceed to the next stage of development. The documentation that was approved at the design stage is subsequently used to create drawings and estimates.
Stage that includes working papers
Working design documentation at the design stage is developed in the most thorough manner. This is due to the fact that the following documents are being developed within its framework:
- Drawings for the future building, which must be numbered and signed, which makes it easier to work in the future, when individual drawings are combined into a single whole.
- Drafting budget documents.
- Description of the characteristics of the equipment that will be required during the work on the construction site.
- A sheet containing a list of all the necessary material for the construction of the future building.
- A statement that includes the volume of construction and installation work.
- Other documents that will be needed during the implementation of the work are also attached to the general package of documents.
Working documentation is used on site by construction and installation teams. Drawings may be needed to present to specialists who are involved in the supervision of compliance with technical and copyright. The composition of the working documents is determined depending on the type of facility where the work is planned, which is noted when concluding the contractwith designers. All working drawings must strictly comply with the standards that are set by a special system. All designed documents that will be used in the work, as well as construction work, must be carried out strictly in compliance with GOST.
Series of site requirements
Requirements in the process of work are presented not only to the design stage, composition and content. The site, which is intended for construction, must also comply with them:
- The area intended for construction work should be of such dimensions and configuration that facilitate the location of the building in such a way that it meets all requirements during operation.
- The allocated plot of land, as well as the adjacent territory, should have a convenient relief. This is necessary in order to provide the most convenient working conditions. Underground should not be underwater.
- The soil under the construction site must comply with the established norms and requirements, the load must be within the permissible level. These requirements should be observed not only at the time of installation of the foundation of the future building, but also when installing working equipment.
- Construction stages and design stages comply with the norms at the legislative level. It is strictly forbidden to start construction in those places where they have found or are only planning to search for minerals. This item includes places that can collapse.
- At the startconstruction, there must be a water supply or other source of water nearby.
If the construction of the future facility is planned within the city, then the work should be carried out from the leeward side in relation to residential complexes.
Technical design of all stages of work must be agreed with the customer, who is fully responsible for this, as well as for choosing a plot of land for construction. The customer, together with the design organization, must:
- Get from an organization that is interested in carrying out the work, an agreement to connect the projected object to the electrical network.
- Develop all the necessary documents and materials, including calculations, and then choose the best solution.
- In advance, it is necessary to calculate the damage that can be caused when using a plot of land for construction.
- Perform necessary engineering studies.
In order to select the required piece of land, the customer must create a commission. It should include a representative from the customer, members of the local administration, a general designer, a representative of state supervision.
