Organization of the activities of enterprises in many sectors of the economy involves the implementation of design. What are the features of this procedure? What components can it be represented by?
What is design?
What can be understood by the term "design"? What is the documentation for it? If we consider the interpretations of the corresponding concept common among experts, we can conclude that design is, first of all, a type of human labor activity. It can be carried out by people representing a variety of professions. Builders, programmers, economists, legislators can deal with design. In each case, they will develop a certain project, which is a combination of various algorithms, properties or parameters that can be applied for certain purposes.
The project can be part of a larger system, business plan, strategy. In this case, it is intended to contain algorithms that allow solving specific problems in order to ensure the functioning of this system. The design result isdevelopment of documentation that allows organizing the production, construction of a particular facility, its implementation in another required form - for example, in the form of a computer program or a legal act, if we are talking about drafting legislation. Thus, the term in question is universal, applicable in a wide range of legal relations.
What goes into the design process?
Studying the basics of design, it makes sense to pay attention to what components can be represented by its process. In accordance with the approach common among experts, it may consist of:
- design algorithm;
- interim design decisions;
- result.
Under the design algorithm, it is customary to understand a certain list of prescriptions and schemes, in accordance with which competent specialists must conduct their work. It can be created both for several objects and for a single system component.
Following the design algorithm, competent specialists can issue intermediate design solutions - descriptions of an object that are needed in order to effectively implement those schemes and prescriptions that are defined at the first stage of the process in question. At the same time, specialists, when designing systems, can use both standard solutions and those that are published in the course of work directly on the current project.
After the intermediate circuits are properly studied, the design result is formed on their basis: itwill be presented as a set of documents required for the production of a product, the construction of a building or structure, the implementation of any other scheme for the useful use of an object in the economy.
Thus, the purpose of the design presented in the framework of the process we have considered is the development of technical documentation necessary to ensure the economic use of an object. As part of this process, active feedback between the customer and the contractor is possible on the issues of agreeing on individual elements of the design algorithm, the procedure for making certain decisions, and the presentation of the result.
In turn, after the transfer of project documentation to the plant or other production infrastructure, the feedback between the recipient of the relevant documents and their developer will be minimal. In fact, it is initiated only when the customer encounters tangible difficulties in implementing the schemes proposed in the documentation in practice. But here, as a rule, we are talking about the suspension of the project in terms of its implementation in the form of production and the direction of project documents for serious revision.
Therefore, the main task of the design organization is to prepare the most complete and objectively reflecting the needs of the customer set of documents. The solution of this problem requires, first of all, the high qualification of the specialists of the executing company, as well as a responsible approach to work on their part.
Although system design cancarried out in a variety of areas, the practice of applying the term in question can be considered common in construction. Let's find out how this process can affect the functioning of systems in the relevant sector of the economy.
Design in construction
Design in the field of construction is the most important activity of competent specialists, implemented in order to prepare documents on the basis of which the construction plan is supposed to be implemented. We are talking about the formation of project documentation, which in some cases can be supplemented by sources related to engineering developments.
There are design standards adopted at the level of legal acts, which must comply with documents developed by specialists in the field of construction. The assessment of the quality of these sources according to the indicated criterion is carried out in the order of public or private expertise. The most important component that is included in the design process in construction is design. Let's study its specifics in more detail.
Design as part of design in construction
Designing in this case should be considered as a direction of activity of competent specialists, which is associated with the creation of drawings, sketches, full-scale or computer models of building objects. We are talking about the formation, thus, of the structures of an object. For example - related to capital construction infrastructure.
Let's study the varieties in which design can be presented, what it is in the context of common approaches to the classification of the term in question.
Varieties of design
The type of activity in question can be represented by design, in particular:
- engineering infrastructure;
- in the field of architectural and construction developments;
- in the field of solving urban problems;
- in design;
- in software.
There are a large number of other criteria on the basis of which a design can be classified. So, a common approach is that it can be:
- functional;
- optimal;
- system.
Let's consider the peculiarities of understanding the term "design" in the appropriate contexts: what is each of the noted varieties of this type of human activity.
Functional design type
The indicated type of process assumes the consideration of an object as a carrier of a separate function. At the same time, its development and implementation in a particular area of the economy is due to the impossibility of performing the corresponding function by another object. Thus, a ventilation system in a building structure cannot effectively replace any other type of infrastructure. Therefore, the design of objects of the corresponding purpose will be carried out taking into account the fact that only they are able to perform the required function.
The considered approach to understanding the design allows you to effectively place emphasis in the sequence of building the system infrastructure. First of all, the development of design documentation for key facilities is carried out, after that - design for secondary components.
Optimal design
The type of process under consideration is the development of documentation taking into account the interests of various groups of citizens. For example, these may be tenants of a commercial facility who are going to deploy various types of production infrastructure in it after its construction. As an option - dissimilar types of ventilation. For the first company, relatively speaking, the supply system will be more profitable, for the second - the exhaust system. The contractor will have to, one way or another, seek a compromise before carrying out the technical design of ventilation and offer partners the optimal model for implementing the function of ventilating the premises in the building.
System design type
The specified type of process involves combining the first two in cases where it is possible. In practice, this situation does not always develop, but if the necessary conditions have been formed for this, then the introduction of a systematic approach to design may be desirable. Consider in which cases.
System design of objects can be implemented if:
- there is a fundamental possibility to provide the required functionality of one or another component of the system infrastructure through solutions that suit each of the parties of legal relations;
- ifthe project developer has the necessary resources to provide this functionality in practice.
In this case, the implementation of system design is possible, and it makes sense for the contractor to pay attention to the qualitative study of each of its stages. There may be quite a few of them. It will be useful to consider the essence of the relevant stages in more detail.
Design stages
It is worth noting that the list of stages in question is regulated by the design standards approved by the Russian legislator. These are:
- pre-design survey;
- creating terms of reference;
- forming a technical proposal;
- implementation of preliminary design;
- implementation of technical design;
- development of working documentation.
Let's study the features of the corresponding design stages in more detail.
Performing research
As part of the first stage - pre-project research - competent specialists primarily analyze the objective needs of the developer and customer interacting within the project. The main character in this study is the customer. He independently or with the involvement of competent specialists determines his needs, the desirable characteristics of an object created according to a project or, for example, modernized in order to bring it into line with optimal parameters.
Terms of Reference
The terms of reference for the design is also most often formed by the customer. The main source of data for it can be the documentation obtained at the previous design stage. The corresponding task may already reflect the exact parameters of the object that needs to be manufactured according to the project. In some cases, the contractor, that is, the designer, can clarify certain characteristics of the product with the customer. In many cases, this interaction between partners can take the form of a technical proposal.
Technical proposal
This document, in turn, is developed by the project executor. He can initiate the formation of a technical proposal if he finds, for example, that the calculation in the design in accordance with the original task contains inaccuracies. The customer can accept or reject the offer from the contractor. In the first case, documents can be drawn up confirming the consent of the parties to make certain adjustments to the project.
Draft design
After the terms of reference are ready and changes are made to it, if necessary, preliminary design is carried out. What is unusual about this stage?
This procedure involves the implementation by the executor of the project of modeling, as well as visualization of the key characteristics of the object, its appearance, algorithms for its movement on the ground. That is, a model is created. Based on the results of preliminary design, the characteristics of the object are formed, as close as possible to those described in the terms of reference within terms of their practical applicability based on modeling and calculations.
The result of the design may be the development of a layout of a particular product, if possible full-size.
Engineering design
The next stage is the formation of a functional diagram of the product, that is, the manufacture of its prototype. The documentation generated as part of the technical design allows the customer to make a decision about launching the product into production. If it is positive, then the next stage of communications is being implemented - the formation of a working draft.
Start working project
In this case, we are talking about the development of a complete set of documentation, which is necessary for organizing the production of an object. If this is an industrial product, then the documents can be adapted to transfer drawings and diagrams to an automated infrastructure that is involved in production. If the design of the building structures, a full-fledged real estate object, has been carried out, then the documents, in turn, can be adapted for use by competent specialists - engineers, managers of a construction company.
Application of design systems
The implementation of the noted design stages in practice can be carried out within the framework of specialized systems. Let's explore what they are. The design system is an environment in which the participants in the development of project documentation, competent employees interact and solve the tasksspecialized enterprises or private developers.
The components of the respective systems can be adapted to meet specific needs. For example, if technological design is to be carried out in production, then the infrastructure available to specialists will include, firstly, the necessary technical solutions, programs, testing tools, and secondly, the organizational resources needed to interact with colleagues, management, partners in the study of certain issues in the development of projects. The systems in question may consist of separate subsystems with a specific functional purpose, but interconnected.
Specifics of computer-aided design systems
Modern enterprises actively use computer-aided design systems, or CAD systems, which are a complex infrastructure through which the development of certain projects can be carried out based on algorithms that are implemented largely autonomously, that is, with minimal human participation. Of course, if we are not talking about the stage of their development and implementation at the level of program code. Here, the role of specialists will be significant. Efficient automation of project documentation development processes requires competent people to carry out high-quality work in the field of debugging the basic algorithms that ensure the functioning of the systems in question.
CAD is used not only as a tool for organizing workspecialists in a single production, but also for the purpose of efficient scaling of production processes. If we are talking about opening a branch or a second factory, then the transfer of production processes from the central office or from the first factory can be carried out using the systems in question. In this case, competent specialists will have at their disposal algorithms for the development of project documentation, as well as schemes for organizing interaction with other employees of the enterprise and third-party firms on various issues. The design of enterprises within the framework of scaling with the use of CAD can be carried out in the context of ensuring the development of their various structural divisions - engineering, production, those responsible for the legal support of business, especially in terms of standardizing the release of a particular product.
