Any building - a residential high-rise building, a miniature cottage, an office skyscraper or a nondescript extension on a summer cottage, in order to fully function and withstand all loads, must comply with the requirements and standards. Not a single building can consist only of thin enclosing partitions and cannot be erected with structures directly on the ground, without installing a foundation and foundation. In any building, there are load-bearing and enclosing structures that perform various functions and are designed depending on a variety of values: snow and wind loads, constant load, and also taking into account such a parameter as the own weight of the structure, dynamic and static effects (movement of people inside the building, availability of furniture and appliances).
Types of buildings by type of load-bearing structures
Depending on which layout of the load-bearing elements is chosen for the construction of the building, they can be divided into several types. The first type is when only walls are used as load-bearing elements; in thisIn the case of load-bearing walls, they can be located along and across the building, and sometimes a mixed type is used. Such a calculation of load-bearing structures is often used in the design of residential buildings, since, in addition to performing the function of a load-bearing element, walls also serve as partitions between different rooms. When it comes to industrial buildings, columns are often used as load-bearing structures. But if an administrative extension is required for an industrial building, a combined type of layout is often used: columns and load-bearing walls. In any case, load-bearing and enclosing structures are selected depending on the purpose of the building.
Materials
What materials are used for the manufacture of enclosing structures and load-bearing elements? As a rule, it is reinforced concrete and brick. If we are talking about the frame scheme of a building with load-bearing columns, then both reinforced concrete and metal elements can be used. Then reinforced concrete wall panels, brickwork, reinforced concrete and foam blocks are used as enclosing structures. In addition, other materials can be used - wood, corrugated board, sandwich panels, etc. For the construction of residential buildings with a frameless frame, as a rule, reinforced concrete, brick, natural stone are used. If a decision is made to use reinforced concrete, then panels, slabs and blocks of the required dimensions are ordered. The brick is placed in one or two rows. The thickness of the wall is selected depending on what needs to be erected - load-bearing andenclosing structures, or we are talking about partitions, which can be an order of magnitude thinner. The building envelope also includes floor slabs that divide the building in a horizontal plane.
Supplements
If we are talking about the construction of a residential building, then the supporting and enclosing structures, in addition to ensuring the reliability, strength and stability of the house, should also have an energy-saving function. Simply put, to provide maximum heat and sound insulation of the room. For this, additional layers are often installed (if they were not provided for by the configuration of the enclosing wall): vapor barrier film, expanded polystyrene (bas alt wool, polystyrene, etc.)
