The structural element of a building is its constituent parts used by architects, designers, builders to build the necessary structure.
The construction of buildings involves the assembly of elements that determine the purpose and the structure that determines it. Each structural element of the building - is its aboveground and underground parts.
They have residential, public and industrial purposes and can be built from natural or artificial stone or wood. By design, they can have a one-story or multi-story structure.
Each building as a whole and its components must have high strength, stability, durability, fire resistance.
Basic components of buildings
Residential buildings represent an object that performs a certain number of functions that ensure a comfortable stay of a person in it. The main elements that make up the building:
- Foundation.
- Basement.
- Plinth.
- Blind area.
- Walls (external and internal).
- Partitions.
- Stairs.
- Overlaps.
- Roofs.
Underground part of the building
For each building, first of all, the main structural element of the building is erected - this is the foundation, which is settled on a plot of soil that serves as its foundation. It distributes the totality of all the loads of the body. The rigidity, stability and durability of the building depends on its strength.
No structure is built directly on the ground. The number of bases, different in their characteristics, designs, area of use, is quite large.
This element of the building can be made in a strip, slab or column version, the latter being based on separate supports.
The pit for the arrangement of the strip foundation is drawn up with a certain slope of the walls. The angle of inclination is calculated individually in each case.
The basement is built under the house, in the space limited by the foundation.
The base is a fragment of the foundation, located above ground level. This part of the building structure is in more aggressive conditions than its vertical elements - the walls. This element is affected by the weight of all superstructures located above, ground pressure during periods of freezing and thawing cycles.
Above-ground building elements
All elements of the structure located above the blind area, consisting of load-bearing and enclosing components, are above-ground componentsbuilding under construction.
The blind area defines the boundary between the upper and underground structures of the building. This is a special coating around the perimeter of the building. Its laying is carried out under a certain slope away from the bearing wall.
The arrangement and purpose of the bordering structure is, first of all, waterproofing, that is, protecting the building from the effects of external precipitation and groundwater into drainage. A warm blind area will allow you to perform another function - warming, preventing soil from frost heaving.
The use of decorative and durable materials for arranging the blind area allows not only to decorate and complete the appearance of the building. The blind area serves as a footpath that provides access to the building.
Exterior and interior walls bearing elements
The outer walls represent the vertical part of the building's enclosure. They protect it from the external environment. In the construction of the building, they are given the most difficult position. The walls experience loads of their own weight, ceilings, roofs of the building. In addition, solar radiation, temperature differences inside and outside the building, climatic conditions.
To prevent deformation of the outer and inner walls, materials are used in construction for their construction that meet all conditions of strength and durability.
According to its location, the structural element of the building "inner wall" is an element separating the middle of the building space. For thissome are not affected by any load other than their own weight. However, due to the large internal space, the use of internal walls that act as load-bearing is required. These walls rest on a single foundation and are built like exterior walls, using similar or related materials.
The middle floors are located between the basement and the attic, designed for human habitation and represent the main structural elements of buildings.
In the plane of the outer walls of the floors, structures such as windows and doors necessary for communication with the external environment and flights of stairs are built in.
Internal partitions and stairs
Partitions in the building are designed to separate the internal space of a separate room. With their help, it is possible to redevelop the apartment at the request of the owner. They do not experience any force impact.
Stairs perform a communication function between floors, ensure the possibility of evacuation of people in extreme situations and represent the main structural elements of buildings.
The main stairs are located in rooms with load-bearing walls, in which windows and doors of apartments are located. All multi-storey buildings are equipped with external emergency ladders, necessary for work in emergency situations of rescue and fire services.
Overlaps
Slabs represent the horizontal details of buildings that are in the designstructures perform a separating function. They form the floors in the building, they are subject to special requirements for strength, rigidity, since the interfloor ceilings in the house must withstand their own weight and the weight of all parts of the structure and people.
Horizontal components should be endowed with sound and heat insulation characteristics due to sanitary standards.
Roof and its components
Mauerlat - leveling support for the installation of rafters, the basis of the roof structure.
Another integral structural element of the building is the rafters, which must withstand their own weight, roofing material and loads due to climatic conditions: wind, snow, rain, solar radiation.
Details of the truss system are designed to perform certain functions. The rafter system must have a high degree of rigidity in order to exclude dangerous movements that can lead to the destruction of not only the roof, but the destruction of the structure itself.
The most commonly used triangular shape of the truss structure, the so-called truss. At the edges of the upper floor of the building, trusses are installed in parallel, connecting them with such connecting elements as a crossbar (a solid or lattice-shaped linear element - a support for girders and slabs), a run (a beam located horizontally in the roof structure is necessary to support the roof) and puffs.
The roof closes the structure of the building, which combines the architectural and structural elements of the building and itsprotective and decorative properties.
The roof is equipped with an obligatory element - a waterproof shell, a roof, which also protects the building from mechanical impact, has high reliability and durability. In addition to protective functions, the roof decorates the building, gives it individuality.
