A building is an above-ground structure that has an interior space. Such an object is intended for living or working, as well as to meet certain needs of society.
Etiology
The very word "building", most likely, came from the old Russian verb "zdati". In the old days, it meant "build". The verb “zdati” used in ancient speech, in turn, appeared from the noun “zd”. In those distant times, this word meant "clay" (it served as the main building material). Words such as "create" and "architect" are believed to have originated from the same verb.
What is not a building?
This term does not apply to those ground structures that do not have internal space. These are, for example, transport overpasses and bridges, cooling towers, etc. Many underwater and underground structures are not classified as buildings. Their list includes dams, tunnels, etc. All these buildings are called engineering structures or simply structures. Such objects include those that formally look like a building. This is, for example, a water tower. This may also be the technical building of an industrial enterprise, intended forequipment maintenance, etc.
Technological elements
The building is the result of construction work. It is a three-dimensional structure with above-ground and underground parts. In addition, any building has internal premises, networks and engineering systems. Construction objects are intended for the implementation of one or another activity of people. If they are used as dwellings, then these are residential buildings. Buildings may be intended for the storage of products and for the placement of industries, as well as for keeping animals in them. Any of these objects belongs to the category "non-residential building".
The elements of the space-planning solution of any building are as follows:
1. Premises. They dissect the entire internal space of a particular object. A certain part of the volume of the construction object is the premises. The building is usually divided into spaces (rooms, corridors, etc.) with fences on all sides. The set of such rooms, the floors of which are located on the same level, is called a floor.
2. Basement. This is the floor of the building below the ground level.
3. Ground floor (semi-basement). It includes premises located below the level of the blind area (but not more than half its height).
4. Above ground floors. This is a collection of premises located above the ground level.
5. Attic. It is a room located above the ceiling above the last floor of the building and belowroofs.
6. Attic. This is the name of the room, which turned out as a result of the allocation of a part inside the attic space. The attic is formed by a pitched roof and is intended for housing or utility rooms.7. Technical floor. This space is designed to accommodate engineering equipment, as well as for laying the communications necessary for the functioning of the house. Such a floor can be located both in the lower part of the building (technical underground) and in the upper part (technical floor). Sometimes it is arranged directly above the driveways. It can also be located above the first floor of a residential building with a public purpose.
Constructive elements
A building is a building that has a material shell, which is played by various independent parts - foundation, walls, roof, etc. These are structural elements. They, in turn, consist of prefabricated smaller parts - steps and roofing, prefabricated slabs, etc.
All structural elements of the building are divided into enclosing and bearing. Assignment to a particular type is determined by the purpose and working conditions of these parts in the overall structure of the building.
Classification of structural elements as load-bearing is possible only if they accept all types of power loads that occur during the operation of the building. In contrast, enclosing structures are designed to isolate the internal space of the building from the external environment and delimit the building into separate rooms.
Main carrierselements of building objects are the following: foundation, columns, beams and similar parts. Enclosing parts - doors and windows, roofing and partitions. There are elements in the building that combine the functions of load-bearing and non-bearing structures (for example, internal walls).
Classification of buildings by purpose
The following division of construction objects, which are above-ground buildings with an internal volume, has been adopted:
1. Residential buildings. These are the objects that are intended to be used as dwellings. These include hostels and hotels. This list includes residential buildings and buildings with rooms for holiday homes, boarding houses, etc.
2. Public buildings. These include museums and theatres, railway stations, shopping malls, libraries, galleries, etc.
3. Industrial building. These are power stations, factories, plants.
4. Agricultural buildings. These include warehouses, livestock farms, etc.5. Administrative buildings. These are buildings designed to house offices.
Construction of buildings is carried out on the basis of the degree of capitalization, which in SNiP P-A.3-61 is divided into four classes. For example, cultural and historical monuments (palaces and theaters, metro stations, etc.) must be preserved for centuries. At the same time, the construction of buildings of this class is carried out with strict observance of certain requirements for architecture, fire resistance, etc. When erecting facilities, it is necessary to adhere to the SNiP "Buildings and Structures". This document isinstructions developed to protect the rights and interests of consumers of construction industry products.
Residential buildings
Such buildings can be of various types. In particular, they are non-commercial (hotels at educational institutions or factories, hostels, military barracks and, of course, residential buildings), as well as commercial (profit houses, commercial hotels and hostels).
Residential buildings are also classified by number of storeys. They are as follows:
- low-rise (one or two floors);
- medium-rise (3-5 floors);
- high-rise (over 6 floors); - high-rise (from 11 to 16 floors);
- high-rise (over 16 floors).
Classify buildings intended for human habitation, and by the number of apartments in them. Such buildings can be:
- single-apartment (individual);
- duplex (twin);- multi-apartment.
In order to solve social problems and provide favorable living conditions for the population, it is necessary to make the right choice of residential buildings by number of storeys and their space-planning structure.
In large settlements, the most common construction of multi-storey buildings. This is a rational solution if you want to design a residential building. SNiP provides for certain requirements for structural elements, as well as for the functionality and decoration of houses. According to this building instruction, multi-storey buildings must be built from durable structures. In addition, SNiPom puts forward a requirement inensuring the fire resistance of such objects. That is why in residential buildings with a height of more than five floors, the supporting frame must be made exclusively of reinforced concrete, concrete and stone materials.
Designing multi-storey buildings has its own characteristics. The load-bearing frame of such buildings, as a rule, is wall.
Administrative buildings
These are buildings that have a common architectural task - to create an environment for the normal operation of offices. This may also include premises where the administrative apparatus of public and state institutions and organizations is located.
Administrative buildings, as a rule, have a cellular layout. Offices in them are located on both or on one side of the corridor. The first floor is designed for a cloakroom and a vestibule. Meeting rooms are essential premises in administrative buildings. They are located on the lower floors, organizing a separate building volume. Meeting rooms may also be located on the upper floors of the main building.
Administrative buildings in the development of settlements are given great figurative and architectural and artistic significance. As a rule, they are located on the main streets and squares. Many of these buildings serve as the center of a particular architectural composition.
Requirements for office buildings
The construction of administrative buildings has a number of features. First of all, in these houses a large number of door and window openings, as well as intermediatespans. In addition, administrative buildings are structures with a complex frame structure. Their interior space is designed to be mobile and spacious. When building offices, an important role is given to the appearance of the object. Solid mirror glazing, brick finishing, as well as combined options and techniques for decorating with various materials are preferred.
SNiP puts forward its requirements for the construction of administrative facilities. These include the following:
- use of structures that comply with GOST standards;
- compliance with all safety regulations;
- environmental friendliness of the materials used;
- ergonomics;
- fire safety;
- moisture, noise and heat insulation;
- installation of a powerful ventilation system;
- resistance to heavy rainfall and temperature changes;
- presentability; - seismic resistance.
During the construction of administrative buildings, additional requirements must be met. Their list includes:
- originality of the layout;
- availability of parking in the basement of the building;- an extensive network of electrical wiring, which makes it possible to connect a large number of office equipment.
In addition, it should be borne in mind that the construction of administrative facilities should only be carried out by a reliable contractor.
Classification of industrial buildings
At the stage of design, planning and financing of construction, the determination of the purpose of the structure is of great importance. The class of its capital value is also important.
Industrial buildings according to their purpose are divided into the following:
- facilities intended for the main production;
- auxiliary, storage and utility buildings that are service facilities (he alth centers, repair shops, warehouses, laboratories, etc.); - constructions and buildings of energy economy (boiler rooms, gas generators, compressor rooms, etc.);
- sanitary facilities (sewage and water supply facilities, gasification and heating, etc.).
Requirements for industrial buildings
Building codes and regulations put forward the basic requirements that must be taken into account at the stage of design and construction of industrial facilities.
First of all, the conditions of manufacturability must be met. They imply a rational organization of the production scheme in a building under construction, taking into account all stages of the production process from the transportation of materials to the manufacture of goods. To fulfill this requirement, it is necessary to develop such a size and shape of the building, in which the strength of its structures and the grid of columns would not interfere with the free location and movement of process equipment. This factor is important, as it contributes to the development of production, as well as increasing its maneuverability.
At the stage of design and construction of industrial buildings, sanitary and hygienic requirements must be taken into account. They boil down to the creation of such working conditions that would satisfy the household and hygiene needs of the personnel. To comply with such requirements in the production area of the building, all conditions must be maintained at the required level, such as temperature, humidity, air movement and its cleanliness. The level of vibration, radiation and noise must be in accordance with the requirements of sanitary standards.
At the stage of design and selection of building materials, fire safety requirements must be taken into account. They come down to the degree of fire resistance of the structure, as well as to its architectural and planning solution, which should limit the number of storeys, provide for fire barriers, determine the number and size of evacuation exits and passages, exits and driveways. The building must be installed fire-fighting water supply.
Industrial buildings are designed taking into account economic requirements, which reduce the cost of not only construction, but also the operation of the facility. For this, technical and economic indicators are used.
The amount of initial costs can be reduced if the building is erected using unified structures and locally manufactured parts, cheaper building materials, and using rational architectural and planning solutions.
