The service life of any building directly depends on how well its foundation will be poured. In no case can you save on this part of a country house. The foundation should be poured only from the highest quality materials. Of course, it is impossible to violate the technology of erecting the foundation of a residential building. About how to fill the foundation under the house correctly, and we'll talk further in the article.
Types of bases
The following types of foundations can be erected under various kinds of buildings and structures:
- columnar;
- slab;
- tape;
- pile.
Private houses, however, in most cases are built with their own hands only on the first three types of foundations. Installation of pile structures is carried out using special equipment. And they trust the construction of such foundations most often only to specialists.
The main elements of the column foundationare supports of round or square section, buried in the ground and interconnected by a concrete, wooden or metal grillage. This type of base is the easiest to build and the cheapest. However, such foundations are allowed to be poured only under not too heavy buildings on solid soils. For example, a columnar support structure is the best answer to the question of how to pour a foundation under a wooden house.
Tape bases are the most popular among the owners of suburban areas. It is on such supporting structures that both one-story and two-, three-story private residential buildings are most often erected. Such bases are usually the best answer to the question of how to fill the foundation for an extension to a house with brick or concrete walls. Represent such structures buried in the ground concrete tape.
Slab foundations are poured under buildings on unreliable soils in terms of movement. This type of construction is the most expensive. In addition, the construction of such a foundation is a very laborious procedure. The foundations of this type are a solid slab, poured under the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe house.
Main installation steps
So, let's see how to pour the foundation under the house with your own hands. Installation of the bases of buildings of any kind is carried out - tape, columnar, slab, in several stages. This includes the construction of foundations the following steps:
- markup execution;
- earthworks - digging a pit, trench or hole, depending onfoundation type;
- filling the sand cushion;
- formwork assembly;
- installation of reinforcing cage;
- pouring concrete mix.
The method of erecting the foundation in no way depends on the size of the building. Using the same technology, you can pour the foundation for a house 8x8, 10x15, 3x10 m, etc.
Where to start
Before starting the construction of the foundation, the construction site, of course, should first of all be cleared of debris, grass, bushes, etc. It must also be leveled. Those owners of suburban areas who wondered how to fill the foundation for a house with their own hands, among other things, should also familiarize themselves with the marking technology for such a design.
This procedure should be approached as responsibly as possible. A house with crooked corners will, of course, look ugly and sloppy. This will also reduce the life of the building.
How to markup correctly
This operation is usually performed using a cord and pegs. Align the corners in most cases according to the method of the Egyptian triangle. At the same time:
- 4 knots are tied on a long rope (the first is at the very end, the second is 3 m from it, the third is 4 meters from the second and the fourth is 5 m from the third);
- the first and last nodes are connected with a nail;
- a nail is driven into each intermediate node;
- drive in pegsalong the wall line;
- stretch the rope triangle, placing its long side between the pegs;
- a perpendicular is drawn along the short side;
- set the third and fourth pegs in the corners.
At the final stage, the evenness of the corners is checked by stretching the rope diagonals in the resulting rectangle and measuring each of their segments.
Earthworks
The trench for the strip foundation, as well as the pits for the columnar supports, are dug manually. Special equipment is usually hired to equip the pit of the slab base. The first two types of foundations, when erected with their own hands, are buried in the ground by about 70-80 cm. The foundation pit for the slab base is usually made smaller - about 40 cm.
At the end of earthworks, the bottom of the trench and pits are leveled. Next, a sand cushion is poured with a tamper. Use well-sifted sand for this. The pillow under the foundation of the house will subsequently play the role of a shock absorber during spring heaving of the soil.
Formwork assembly
Concrete is poured during the construction of the foundation in a special form, most often mounted from wooden shields. To assemble the formwork of the strip base, use an edged board with a thickness of at least 2.5 cm. The boards are mounted as follows:
- lay out on a flat surface 2-3 boards parallel to each other closely;
- connect the boards across with bars.
Installing shields in a trench withusing struts, spacers and wire ties. Formwork for slab foundations is made in much the same way.
Moulds for pouring supports of columnar foundations of square section can also be made from boards. Sometimes thick tin is also used for this purpose. For round pillars of such foundations, the formwork is usually made of roofing material. This material is simply rolled up with a "pipe" and installed in pits. For a concrete grillage of a columnar foundation, the formwork is assembled from wooden panels.
How to properly fill the foundation under the house: installing a reinforcing cage
For strip and slab foundations in the construction of low-rise buildings, a two- or three-row stiffening frame is most often used. In any case, it is necessary to reinforce the rear foundations. A feature of concrete is that it has a very high compressive strength. When expanded, this material, unfortunately, crumbles easily. To some extent, this shortcoming can be corrected by installing the frame.
Knit a reinforcing reinforcing structure when building foundations with their own hands using a metal rod. Welding is not used to assemble the frame. The fittings made in this way subsequently begin to quickly rust at the joints. They assemble metal frames for foundations in most cases using tie wire.
At the same time, for the main load-bearing elements of reinforcing structures, a rod with a diameter of 8 mm is most often used. Intermediate links are made from 6mm rebar.
Install linkedwith your own hands, the frame in the formwork, of course, also needs to be done correctly. Ultimately, it should be completely located in the thickness of the concrete. Reinforcing cages are therefore usually installed in a trench or in a pit on 5 cm thick bars or on special plastic supports.
Arrange the reinforcement in such a way that the distance from it to the walls of the formwork is also 5 cm. It should not reach the same 5 cm to the edge of the form frame and in height.
In the same way, the grillage of the columnar foundation is also reinforced. At the same time, the supports of such bases are reinforced with frames made of 4 rods. Such reinforcement is located in the center of the pit, indented from the edges. At the end of the pouring of the column, the frame rods should protrude 20 cm above its surface. This is necessary to connect the reinforcement of the supports and the grillage.
How to pour the foundation under the house with your own hands: concrete preparation
Cement mortar for pouring the supporting structure of a building is best done in a concrete mixer. When using such equipment, the mixture is obtained as homogeneous as possible, which has a positive effect on the quality of the erected base. If there is no concrete mixer on the farm, you can make a mortar in a large trough. In this case:
- all dry ingredients are first poured into the container;
- mix them thoroughly;
- add water to the trough.
The finished solution should not drain from the shovel or crumble into pieces. Cement in the construction of foundations for houses usually use grades not lower than M400. Sand for this purpose is supposed to use river, large, well-sifted.
Crushed stone in cement mortar, intended for pouring the foundations of buildings, use only solid, medium fraction. They make a mixture for the foundation, usually in the proportion of cement / sand / gravel as 1/3/4.
How to lay concrete
Next, let's see, in fact, how to pour the foundation under the house with your own hands. When erecting a strip base manually, the mortar should be laid immediately around the entire perimeter of the trench in layers. Concrete cannot be poured into the formwork in parts. Otherwise, the foundation will subsequently turn out to be fragile. The supports of the columnar base are poured entirely at a time.
Slab foundations are usually built using a slightly different technology. In this case, concrete is poured into the pit using special equipment. Manually, this operation, of course, will be problematic.
When pouring the foundation, they try, among other things, to ensure that no air bubbles remain inside the mixture. To do this, periodically tap the formwork walls with a hammer and pierce the solution with a shovel or rods.
Final stage
Thus, we figured out how to fill the strip foundation under the house, columnar or slab. As you can see, the technology for erecting such structures is nothing particularly complicated. The formwork is removed from the foundation poured according to the method described above, usually on the second day. Further, over the course of two weeks, the erected foundation of the house shouldstand under plastic wrap. In this case, the foundation concrete is supposed to be sprayed with water twice a day. The use of this technology makes it possible to prevent the appearance of surface cracks on the walls of the poured structure.
You can start building walls on the foundation no earlier than a month after it has been poured. By this time, the concrete matures and the slab, tape or pillars acquire maximum strength. Before erecting walls, the foundations of houses are usually waterproofed with two layers of roofing material on bituminous mastic.
Method of pouring the foundation for an old building
Sometimes the foundation has to be built under the house already standing on the site. The need for this may arise, for example, when the foundation under the building, in general, was not erected. Sometimes it is also necessary to replace the old, collapsed support structure with a new one.
The answer to the question of how to pour the foundation under the old house, in principle, is simple. But the construction technology in this case should be observed exactly. Such a procedure is performed approximately as follows:
- 2-3 metal beams are pushed under the house so that they go beyond the plane of the walls by 0.5 m;
- jacks on brick stands are installed under each edge of the beams;
- carefully and evenly raise the house 1 cm alternately with all jacks;
- thus raise the building to a height of 10 cm;
- put some supports under the house;
- dismantling the old foundation.
This technology is the most common answer to the question of how to pour the foundation under a standing house. At the final stage, a pit is dug under the building and a new support structure is erected according to the technology described above in the article.
