Construction is one of the most ancient areas of human activity. People built dwellings and household structures thousands of years ago. With the formation and development of society, construction technologies gradually improved. Modern buildings, built using innovative techniques and perfect materials, are as convenient as possible to use, reliable and durable. The construction industry itself today has a rather complex and dynamic structure. There are a variety of types of construction, both in terms of the type of construction objects and the technology for performing the work itself.
Main classification
Modern construction is divided into only two main types:
- Capital. Its objects are buildings and structures belonging to the category of real estate, that is, connected to the land through the foundation.
- Non-capital. The objects of this type of construction include temporary and light structures.
Types of construction objects (capital)
According to Russian law, toproperties include:
- Buildings. They are structures that have an underground (foundation, basement) and above-ground parts. The system of structures of this kind usually also includes engineering networks: water supply, sewerage, ventilation, etc. Buildings can be designed for living or for people's activities.
- Buildings. They are linear or flat systems consisting of load-bearing structures, as in the first case, having underground and above-ground parts. Such buildings are usually designed to move people or goods, store products or conduct production processes. Examples of structures include bridges, roads, dams, oil wells, etc.
- Objects in progress. This is the name of buildings, the construction of which was stopped for some reason. They cannot be used for their intended purpose until the assembly is completed.
Non-capital construction projects
Temporary buildings include buildings erected on land for a certain (usually no more than 5 years) period. As an example of non-capital construction objects, one can cite:
- kiosks;
- hozblocks;
- sheds;
- cabin houses;
- collapsible hangars and pavilions, etc.
Classification by object types
There are different types of construction and the purpose of the buildings being built. The latter can be residential, industrial, perform special functions, etc. On this basis, constructionclassified into:
- Civil. The objects of this category are houses, low- and high-rise buildings, as well as various types of public (state, office, retail, administrative, etc.) buildings.
- Industrial. This category includes works related to the construction of workshops, plants, combines and factories.
- Agricultural.
- Transport. Construction of bridges, tunnels and roads.
- Hydrotechnical. Construction of dams, canals, reservoirs, dams, etc.
- Military. Construction of military facilities.
Next, consider what the types of capital construction are in more detail. Each of them has its own characteristics.
Civil Engineering
A huge number of firms are engaged in the construction of residential and public buildings in our time. The lion's share of all investments invested in construction today falls on its civilian form.
Residential buildings can be multi-unit or low-rise. In the first case, the agreement with the company is usually concluded by the administration of the settlement or the enterprise. In the second - a private owner who owns a suburban area.
Public buildings include shops, state, office, sports facilities, canteens, cafes, restaurants, etc. Contracts for their construction can also be concluded by administrative bodies, enterprises or individuals.
Industrial construction
The construction of production facilities for special purposes has a lot oftechnological features. Therefore, industrial construction is singled out in a separate group. For example, the roof of industrial facilities is usually flat, shed, in large workshop complexes there are often no windows at all, etc.
Most modern construction firms have the right to build both civil residential buildings and industrial ones.
Construction of military installations
The types of construction considered above are carried out by ordinary civil specialized companies. Such firms can also be engaged in the construction of defense facilities. However, this practice is more the exception than the rule. More often, such facilities are still being built by special military construction units. In peacetime, the latter are mainly engaged in the construction of buildings intended for the residence of officers and soldiers, as well as long-term defensive structures. During the war, such formations are responsible for arranging the theaters of war.
Agricultural construction
The construction of production facilities on farms and for large livestock and agricultural companies is a procedure that also has its own characteristics. Agricultural buildings are usually dispersed over a very large area, which, of course, cannot but cause difficulties with the organization of work. This is the main difference between this type of construction and the rest. Agricultural facilities are being built in our time in the same way asindustrial and residential, mainly in a contract way. These can be, for example, poultry houses, livestock complexes, greenhouses, agricultural buildings, veterinary clinics, etc.
Classification by type of work performed
On this basis, construction is divided into:
- New. In this case, the building or structure is being built from scratch.
- Extension. This type of construction involves the construction of structures that complement an existing building.
- Reconstruction. In this case, the existing facilities, dilapidated or partially destroyed for any reason, are restored to their original state.
- Technical re-equipment (modernization). Updating existing facilities due to their obsolescence.
The list shows the main types of capital construction work. There are other, not so large-scale events that are also the responsibility of firms specializing in the construction of buildings.
These, for example, include repair and decoration. They differ from reconstruction and modernization primarily in that their implementation does not change the technical parameters of the main structure of the facility.
All these types of construction: reconstruction, repair (including), expansion, modernization, etc. - the work is mostly quite complex. They require the employees of the company to have certain skills andskills.
General types of work in construction
The process of erecting buildings and structures, as well as their modernization and reconstruction may include:
- Geodetic work on the study of the construction site.
- Preparatory work (demolition of old structures, construction of temporary access roads, utilities, etc.).
- Earthworks (drainage, compaction, trenching and excavation).
- Well construction.
- Building foundations.
- Stone construction works.
- Installation of metal structures.
- Assembly of wooden structures.
- Roof installation, etc.
All these types of work in construction have their own characteristics and are performed by highly qualified specialists. When erecting any building or structure, the norms of SNiP, as well as safety regulations, are mandatory.
As you can see, in our time there are different types of construction: reconstruction, modernization, construction of buildings from scratch, etc. Each of them has its own characteristics. Some work is a technologically complex process, others can be easily performed even by non-professionals. However, in any case, construction is an industry that plays a significant role in the national economy.
