A pump is a hydraulic device designed for suction, pressure movement or injection of liquid by imparting external kinetic or potential energy to it.
Types of water pumps are distinguished by their technical parameters, which include:
- amount of fluid that the pump moves per unit of time;
- developing pressure or maximum pressure;
- efficiency;
- power.
Invention Story
The first types of pumps appeared in the 1st century BC. e. They helped put out fires. However, until the 18th century. such devices were rarely used.
Everything changed with the invention of the steam engine and the increasing demand for water. Various types of pumps began to replace water-lifting devices and are widely used in human economic activity. Over time, the requirements for hydraulic mechanisms have become more and more diverse. With the development of technical thought, the main types of pumps have also been outlined. These included piston, rotational, as well as machines that do not have moving working bodies.
Advances in science and technology have led to the fact that today there are many different types of pumps. What they are, what is their main purpose, we will consider in this article.
Household and industrial hydraulic machines
The types of pumps that exist today have a different classification. One of them concerns the scope of such devices and singles out household and industrial ones from them. The first of these machines are used for sewerage, heating and water supply in residential and industrial premises.
Industrial pumps are designed for use in various systems and installations. They are used to supply water, pump oil products and aggressive substances, as well as to carry out many other specific actions.
Displacement pumps
Another classification of hydraulic machines takes into account their design features and principle of operation. What types of pumps are the main ones in this case? These are volumetric and dynamic hydraulic machines.
In the first of them, the working body is the camera. Under the influence of the emerging pressure forces, it changes in volume, which leads to the forced movement of the substance.
All volumetric pumps (we are considering types) are designed to supply viscous liquids. The principle of operation of such devices is based on the conversion of energy. It is transmitted from the engine to the pumped liquid.
Displacement pumps are high pressure. In the course of their work,significant vibration, for damping which the device is placed on a massive foundation. However, the advantage of these pumps lies not only in their high power. Such devices are capable of dry suction.
Types of displacement pumps
There are various devices in which the working body is a chamber. Among them are the following units:
- Rotary. These are pumps that have a fixed casing that contains blades, vanes and other similar parts. The movement of the fluid in this case is facilitated by the movement of the rotors.
- Gear. This is the simplest type of positive displacement pump. These devices move the fluid in the process of changing the volume of the cavities of the gears linked together.
- Impeller. If you look at such a pump disassembled, you can see the impeller, the blades of which are made of elastic material. It is located inside the eccentric body. What happens during the operation of such a device? The vanes bend and rotate to expel the liquid.
- Cam. In these pumps, two independent rotors rotate, which contributes to the movement of fluid through the working chamber. Cam gears are widely used in the manufacture of dairy products, beverages, jams, etc. And all this is due to their ability to pump liquids with large inclusions. Also, this type of pump is used in the pharmaceutical industry.
- Perist altic. In these pumps, the main working part is a multilayer flexiblesleeve made of elastomer. When the engine is turned on in such a device, the shaft with rollers begins to rotate. They pinch the sleeve, helping to move the fluid inside it.
- Screw. A stator made of elastomer is inserted into the casing of these pumps. It contains a metal rotor having a helical shape. How will the liquid be pumped in this case? After turning on the motor, the rotor begins to rotate, changing the volume of the internal cavities. This is where the fluid moves.
Dynamic pumps
These devices are characterized by double energy conversion. Initially, it is transferred to the liquid in kinetic form. In this case, the flow moving inside the pump increases its speed. Then there is a partial transformation of the energy of the liquid into a static form. In this case, the flow rate decreases with increasing pressure. Such devices, unlike volumetric ones, are not capable of producing dry suction.
Centrifugal hydraulic machines
Consider the types of dynamic type pumps. The most common of these are centrifugal devices. These pumps are used to supply hot or cold water, as well as for pumping aggressive and viscous liquids, waste water and mixtures of water with slag, soil, peat, etc.
How does a centrifugal pump work? Being between the blades of a rotating impeller, fluid particles receive kinetic energy from it. This creates a centrifugal force. It moves the fluid further into the bodymotor. This work occurs continuously thanks to the pressure, which ensures that new fluid particles are constantly supplied to the pump.
According to their purpose, centrifugal pumps are classified into:
- used in the operation of TPP operational equipment;
- for various technical purposes.
What are the types of centrifugal pumps belonging to the first group? Devices used for water circulation are divided into circulation and recirculation. Pumps installed for heat transfer are divided into boiler and network pumps. In the preparation of drinking water, condensate centrifugal pumps are used, and in the feed system for servomotors of steam turbines, pressure pumps are used.
What devices are used for various technical purposes? These are such types of centrifugal pumps as household, fire, drainage, etc.
Recently, new developments of such devices have appeared. Among them, sand centrifugal pumps are especially popular. They are used for pumping hydraulic mixtures. That is why such pumps are installed in places where there is sand in the water, as well as all kinds of industrial solids.
Vortex hydraulic devices
These dynamic pumps are similar in their characteristics to centrifugal ones, but, unlike them, have a smaller weight and dimensions. Among the shortcomings of vortex pumps, low efficiency can be distinguished, which does not exceed fifteen percent in operating mode. In addition, similarmechanisms are not capable of pumping liquid containing abrasive particles, as this leads to rapid wear of internal parts.
Jet hydraulic devices
These pumps, unlike many other similar machines, are not capable of creating excess pressure at the outlet. Their principle of operation is reduced to the transformation of the potential energy of the liquid into kinetic. At the same time, there are no moving parts in jet pumps. The main working mechanism in devices of this type is a jet of liquid or gas.
Such pumps can be water-jet (for example, hydraulic elevators). In them, the working fluid transfers its kinetic energy to the pumped substance. Among the jet pumps there are also airlifts. They are supplied with compressed air by a compressor. Further, the water-air mixture is set in motion by the lifting force of air bubbles.
Water pumps
These devices come in many varieties. But mostly experts classify them according to their purpose. So, there are the following types of water pumps:
- circulating, used for forced movement of fluid in air conditioning, hot water and heating systems;
- lifting, necessary to extract fluid from wells and wells, which are submersible and surface;
- drainage used to pump water from wells, sewers and basements.
Types of surface-type water pumps are divided by specialists into those used for:
- promotionspressure;
- cold water supply;
- fire extinguishing systems.
When choosing pumps, types, characteristics and other parameters of devices must be taken into account depending on their purpose. So, sometimes the machine will have to work in autonomous conditions. And in some cases, it will be provided with access to the electrical network.
That's why there are types of water pumps that run on internal combustion engines. They are called motor pumps. At the same time, they are divided into gasoline and diesel. There are also electric pumps. Their work is completely dependent on the voltage in the network.
However, the main classification of pumps concerns the definition of the place they occupy relative to the source of supply. According to this parameter, they are divided into surface and submersible. Let's take a closer look at these types of devices.
Surface pumps
These devices are widely used in cottages, dachas and country houses. They are used to increase pressure in the water supply network, as well as for watering and irrigating the land. With their help, water is raised from wells, wells and open reservoirs located at a distance of up to eight meters from the axis of the pump.
There are many types of such devices. For example, according to the method of pumping water and the internal structure, they are classified into vortex and barrel, drainage and circulation, as well as cantilever (centrifugal). The last two types are most popular with summer residents. These units are easy to operate, compact and economical, and when connected toa special automation system turns out full-fledged stations.
Surface pumps consist of the following main components:
- Hose. This is a kind of aquifer from the place where the liquid is directly taken to the pump itself and further to the points of intersection with the plumbing system or to the water intake.
- Ejector. This is a special device designed to improve circulation and pressure in the pump by increasing the suction depth.
- Case. It is most often made of composite materials, cast iron, aluminum or stainless steel. When operating the unit throughout the year, in winter, the housing requires protection from the cold.
- Engine. It can be internal combustion or electric. It all depends on the type of pump.
Circulation pumps
This type of surface aggregates is distinguished by a complex device. They are usually used in autonomous heating systems in order to force the movement of water in a closed circuit and maintain a constant temperature in it.
By design, they have a body with a steel or ceramic rotor built into it, as well as a shaft with blades.
Today, there are the following types of circulation pumps:
- wet rotor;
- dry rotor.
The first ones are practically silent, economical, cheap and easy to operate. Their working element is designed in such a way that it is in water, which lubricates all parts and at the same time cools the engine. But suchunits have a significant drawback. The fact is that when the fluid circulation stops, the engine can overheat. In addition, the efficiency of such units is at an extremely low level.
All types of dry-rotor circulation heat pumps have a built-in fan. Their engine is structurally isolated from the incoming fluid. In this case, all moving parts are lubricated with oil.
In turn, these pumps are divided into:
- console, in which the engine is located separately from the body;
- monoblock, where the body and engine are also separated, but are in the same block;
- inline pumps, which differ from the previous two in their increased tightness.
Submersible Pumps
Such units are indispensable in cases where water layers lie at a depth exceeding 8 m. Submersible pumps are lowered into the well along with the pressure pipe. Further, under pressure created by a hydraulic device, water enters the house.
All types of submersible pumps are high-performance, in addition, they have efficient and high-quality cooling. According to their internal structure, submersible pumps are classified into:
- centrifugal, in which water rotates with the blades of the impeller and is supplied outside under high pressure;
- vibrating, in which the liquid is sucked in due to the vibration and electromagnetic mechanism.
Such pumps consist of a housing, an engine andswitch. Drainage and sewage pumps are equipped with an optional chopper or cutter to prevent solids larger than 5 cm from being present in the liquid.
Hydraulic fire fighting equipment
Pumps used to contain fires have special requirements. The success of fighting fire largely depends on their design perfection and technical parameters.
What are the types of fire pumps? It all depends on the extinguishing conditions. So, centrifugal-type units are installed on fire trucks. They supply fire extinguishing agents without any pulsations, do not increase pressure when the fire hose is clogged or clogged, and are simple and reliable in operation.
It is also important that the centrifugal pumps installed on fire trucks do not need a complex engine drive and have a relatively low weight and dimensions. However, these units also have a number of disadvantages. They are not capable of sucking liquid on their own and are ready for use only after the suction line is filled with water.
What other types of fire pumps are there? These are accessory units. They are also installed on fire trucks. Auxiliary pumps make it possible to fill the housing of the centrifugal mechanism and the cavity of the suction hose with water. That is why their work is short-lived. After starting the centrifugal pump, they turn off. Aggregates are used as auxiliary devicesrotary type, etc.
Oil pumps
These devices are designed to reduce the friction forces that occur between the moving parts of the engine. All types of oil pumps are divided into two types. The first one is adjustable. In such pumps, a constant pressure is maintained by changing the performance. The second type of oil pumps is unregulated. They also maintain a constant pressure, but only with the help of a pressure reducing valve. Most modern engines are equipped with fixed type pumps.
Units for pumping oil are also classified according to their design. They are:
- gear, with the driving and driven gears placed in the housing;
- rotary.
In the first of these two types of devices, the oil enters the housing, where it is captured by the gears. Further, through the discharge valve, it moves into the system.
The performance of such a pump is directly dependent on the frequency with which the crankshaft rotates. After the pressure of the oil injected into the unit exceeds a certain limit, the pressure reducing valve comes into operation. It passes a certain amount of oil to the suction vane or to the engine crankcase.
As for rotary pumps, they can be either with fixed or with adjustable control. The first type of such units has a driving and driven rotors, which are placed in its housing. These parts serve to capture the oil entering the system. Further, as in a gear pump, a reduction valve opens to move the substance.valve.
Rotary pumps with adjustable control provide a constant working pressure, which does not depend on the speed of their crankshaft. To implement this function, they are provided with an adjusting spring and a movable stator. A constant working pressure is created by changing the volume of the cavity that is located between the male and female rotors.
Fuel pumps
These units are the main elements without which the operation of any internal combustion engine is impossible. Their main purpose is to deliver gasoline or diesel from the tank to the combustion chamber.
One or two fuel pumps are a must for every car. These units perform work, the principle of which largely depends on the features of their design. What are the types of fuel pumps? There are two main ones. This is:
- Mechanical fuel pump. This device is part of a carburetor engine. In its design, it is a classic piston pump. The main parts of such a unit are a body divided into two parts by a diaphragm, as well as two valves for supplying and receiving fuel.
- Electric pump. This type of unit finds its application in gasoline engines with separate injection. Electric pumps are installed either directly in the tank, or in any place of the fuel line. The most widely used submersible fuel units. They are placed at the bottom of the tank. In turn, according to the type of oil injectionelectric pumps are divided into centrifugal, gear and rotary.
There are many types of pumps, and all such devices are widely used in one area or another.
