Any element of the layout of a residential or office building should be designed in such a way that people feel comfortable and safe in it. This applies, of course, including the stair-lift assembly. This part of the house should be designed in strict compliance with all applicable standards.
Definition and functions
They call the stair-elevator unit part of the building layout that combines building elements from the entrance to the apartment doors. That is, in residential buildings this is an ordinary entrance with all its components.
It is in the elevator and stair assembly of the building that the main vertical and horizontal communications pass, ensuring the comfort of people in the building. Also, this node, if necessary, is used to evacuate residents of the house or office workers.
LLU in a residential or office building may include many elements. And all of them must be located and designed in accordance with applicable regulations and rules. Various kinds of documentsregulating the design of staircase and elevator units in Russia have been preserved since Soviet times. Even the old houses in our country are designed in such a way that it is convenient for their residents to move into apartments from the entrance to the house.
Basic elements
When designing and building residential buildings, in most cases, a simplified scheme of the stair-lift assembly is implemented. Its main elements in such buildings are:
- porch and vestibule;
- flights of stairs;
- lobby and stairwells.
In buildings above five floors, the LLU structure often includes elevators. In residential buildings, the shafts of the latter are usually closely adjacent to flights of stairs.
Also, the elements of the stair-lift assembly in houses can be:
- garbage chutes;
- floor corridors.
Of course, fire escapes are usually included in LLU in residential and public buildings. Sometimes in apartment buildings, such nodes of the landing as "pockets" in front of the entrances to the apartment are also equipped. In modern homes, public service areas are often included in the LLU structure.
Knot types
As already mentioned, most often in residential buildings, stair-elevator units are equipped according to a simplified scheme. Such a layout is considered the most suitable for typical one-section or multi-section houses, which are most often found in cities. Each such building has several LLUs.
In point housesusually a slightly different scheme for arranging the access node is implemented. In this case, LLU is usually arranged in the form of an island in the geometric center of the building. At the same time, the elevator doors in the building open into one room.
In irregularly shaped buildings, the third scheme of the stair-lift assembly is sometimes implemented. In such houses, in some cases, this planning element is taken out towards the facade and placed along it, and not perpendicularly.
Requirements
When organizing an LLU, the standards provided for by SNIP 2.08-01-89 and 31-01-2003, as well as SP 31-107-2004, must first be observed. According to these documents, for example, in buildings with a height of 3 to 5 floors at the entrance, it is supposed to equip the stairs exclusively from fireproof materials. In houses above 5 floors, it is also recommended to additionally equip a garbage chute and install a serviced container under it for receiving household waste.
In buildings from 6 to 10 floors, the standards provide, among other things, the arrangement of a passenger elevator shaft with a lifting capacity of 320 kg. It is also allowed to lay it directly in the staircase itself - in the space between marches.
An elevator shaft is a vertical element, fully or partially enclosed, extending from the pit to the floor. Such a vertical opening can be equipped according to three main methods:
- element-by-element;
- using enlarged blocks;
- tubing.
In the first case, for the assembly of the elevator shaft, the nodes andelements are used separately. When using the second technology, the installation is made from larger parts. In this case, some nodes and elements are first assembled into blocks on the ground. When using tubing technology, individual parts of the shaft are assembled from prefabricated reinforced concrete elements.
In buildings from 10 to 16 floors, according to the regulations, there must be, among other things, an elevator hall. This increases the safety of using the lift for residents. Also, in such houses, two elevator shafts are usually equipped: for passenger and cargo. The load capacity of the first should be 320 kg, the second - 500 kg.
In addition, according to the regulations, in such residential buildings on the staircase and elevator unit, it is supposed to equip a smoke-free fire evacuation staircase. At the same time, it should be equipped with an exhaust-type ventilation system that communicates with the elevator halls through an air lock and goes outside.
In buildings with a height of more than 16 floors, exactly the same elements are used in the elevator and stair units. But in this case, the required number of elevators, as well as the intensity of their movement, are determined by fairly complex engineering calculations, taking into account the average waiting time and the use of the elevator for 2 minutes.
Attics and cellars
These elements are not part of the building's stair-lift assembly. However, the entrances to them from the entrance must be organized, of course, correctly. Entrance to the technical underground or basement in buildings above threefloors are usually completely isolated from the staircase. It is believed that in this case it is best to equip it directly from the street, from a common porch through a separate door or through a pit.
Entrance to the attic in such buildings is usually placed in one of the stairwells. In a special way, this planning element is equipped in buildings of great length. In this case, the entrance to the attic is located in the stairwells with a through passage. At the same time, the latter on the ground floor are equipped with an interval of up to 90 m. Through passages for fire trucks, according to the standards, are made with an interval of up to 190 m. With perimeter development, this figure can be increased to 180 m, and with a discontinuous one - up to 300 m.
Fire safety
Of course, people should be extremely comfortable moving within the LLU. But, as already mentioned, this element of the building layout, in addition to ensuring the movement of residents to apartments, also performs another important function. Staircase and elevator nodes in the house are an evacuation route in case of fire. That is, in addition, they must ensure the safety of people living in the building.
According to the regulations, in buildings above 9 floors, smoke-free stairs should be equipped, among other things. Moreover, each apartment in the house must have access to at least one such march. Several structures of this type can be installed in a building.
Firstly, these are outdoor metal fire escapes placed between loggias and balconies. Secondly, internal marchinglifting structures, complemented by air locks formed by the passage through the balcony.
Dimensions of stair and lift units
In multi-storey residential buildings, such planning elements have standard sizes. A typical floor flight of stairs usually has 8 steps and 9 risers. This increases the comfort of using the lifting structure. At the same time, the width of the tread in the march in residential buildings is 26 cm, and the height of the riser is 15.45 cm. The width of the stairs, according to the standards, in such houses should be 105 cm with a distance between them of 10 cm. The internal dimensions of the lifting structures in residential houses are usually 480x220 cm.
Such sizes of nodes are provided for standard flights of stairs, intended directly for moving people to apartments. Also, in urban high-rise buildings, stairs of other types can be equipped:
- leading to the basement;
- to the attic;
- for custom floors.
In any case, for stair-elevator units, the dimensions in multi-storey buildings are determined by established standards.
Rules for the arrangement of elevators
Such lifts are provided, as we found out, in houses with a height of more than 5 floors. It is not allowed to equip the elevator shaft next to the walls of residential premises, according to the regulations. Otherwise, the apartment owners will be greatly disturbed by the noise from the operated lift.
Elevator doors in high-rise buildingshouses should go to the lobby and floor halls. The required number of elevator nodes in the building is calculated, among other things, taking into account the following factors:
- storey building;
- total area of apartments.
According to the regulations, the width of the landing in front of the passenger elevator should not be less than 120 cm, in front of the freight elevator - 160-210 cm. If the elevator is located at the end, this figure is usually slightly increased.
Trash can
Shafts for receiving household waste in stair-elevator units in multi-storey residential buildings are usually located near the walls in such a way as to exclude contact with the walls of people moving along the marches. Garbage bin chambers, according to the regulations, should be installed on the ground floor isolated from the lobby. At the same time, a separate door should lead to this container from the side of the street. It is not allowed to place the camera under the apartments or adjacent to them. This can cause an unpleasant smell in living quarters, as well as the spread of various infectious diseases.
Corridors
These layout elements in standard high-rise buildings are usually not too long. The only exception in this regard is the corridor-type houses. In such buildings, the entrance doors to the apartments are located exactly on the sides of the long passage. Corridors in houses of this type are the main horizontal elements of LLU.
Too long, according to the regulations, to make corridors inmulti-storey buildings are not allowed. This is primarily due to fire safety. In any case, the distance from the entrance door to any apartment to the stairs or elevator hall should not exceed 40 m. In this case, the maximum length of the dead end of the corridor can be 25 m.
In corridor residential buildings with a height of up to 10 floors with a total area of apartments in the entrance no more than 500 m22 it is supposed to provide exits to at least two smoke-free stairs. At the same time, floor-by-floor exits from the corridor can be led to such lifting structures.
Smoke-free stairwells
These elements of the layout of the stair-elevator unit can be heated or cold. In the first case, they are in the body of a residential building. Cold smoke-free staircases are attached to the long or end wall of the house from the side of the street. In the latter case, they can be covered with glass on two or three sides (but no more).
In the northern regions of Russia, stair-elevator units with smoke-free stairs in houses can be designed in a special way, which is partly determined by the climate. In addition to air-entry fire lifts, it is recommended that buildings in cold regions have one or two additional air-assisted stairways to ensure heat retention.
Communal lobbies
Such planning elements are usually provided in new buildings. Such premises can be intended only for some residents of the house or for all apartment owners. In the first case they are called closed, in the second - open. For example, public service premises can be equipped in high-rise buildings, such as:
- pram compartments;
- bike space;
- letter boxes, etc.
In ordinary houses, such vestibules, according to the regulations, must be equipped in each entrance. In buildings of the corridor type, such premises are equipped at the entrance and at the locations of the elevators. Most often, compartments for different purposes are located in the same lobby. According to the regulations, its area should be determined on the basis of at least 0.4 m22 for every 100 m22 of living space.
What other public service premises can be equipped
In houses located on the streets without traffic and with an excellent microclimate, apartments can be connected to adjacent land plots. Common staircase and elevator nodes in the buildings in this case are also provided. However, in buildings located in this way, additional exits leading directly from the living quarters to the street can also be equipped. Houses are designed in this way most often abroad.
In buildings located on streets with not too heavy traffic, on the ground floors there may be premises intended for approximate service to residents, for example, such as:
- dry cleaning;
- laundromats;
- order tables;
- outlets of essential goods, etc.
Such planning elements in elevator and stair units in multi-storey residential buildings can be located both on the first floors and in basements or in annexes.
In buildings located on city and district highways, the first floors are usually considered unsuitable for habitation. In such buildings, various non-residential premises are usually equipped in this part. These can be, for example, libraries, cafes, pharmacies, etc. In buildings located in the city center or planning area, the ground floors are also often occupied by city service premises.
Modernization
In old houses, LLUs may, of course, not meet modern requirements for comfort and safety. In this case, such planning elements are often subject to modernization. Staircase and elevator units during such work are sometimes supplemented with new elements. These can be, for example, lobbies, elevators, fire exits and stairs, etc.
Also, some elements from the layout of the staircase and elevator assembly in old houses are sometimes excluded. For example, black stairs can be dismantled in the entrances. In some cases, when modernizing LLUs in old houses, new marches are also installed that are convenient and safer for people to move around.
