Architecture and construction have existed for as long as human society has developed. These industries change and experience ups and downs depending on the stages and eras. The need for workers in the construction industry, such as designers, architects, technicians, surveyors, is acutely felt right up to the present time. All of them are working on the creation of linear, capital construction projects, consistently applying the norms and technical conditions for the construction of buildings. Project documentation for the construction of the facility ensures economical construction, lays the foundations of progressive methods in the calculations.
Regulation of the composition of project documents
What is included in the set of project documentation papers is explained in the “Regulations on the composition of sections of project documentation and requirements for their content.”
Decree No. 87 adopted in February 2008, almost all information on this issue is contained in the Town Planning Code, in the 48th article.
The customer provides the general designer in accordance with the construction order with the initialdata on which the development of project documentation for construction takes place. The main data contains urban planning restrictions and conditions, including the design task.
Scope of the Regulation
The conditions and norms of the existing document apply if design documentation for the construction of the facility is being developed:
- Buildings of capital construction of all kinds.
- For certain sections of construction, such as partial reconstruction, overhaul and other types of repairs of buildings and structures.
Types of objects subject to the Regulations
Paragraphs of design conditions apply to:
- Industrial buildings, these include all production buildings and defense structures, are not included in this list of linear facilities.
- Buildings of the non-productive sphere, this category includes socio-cultural, housing, domestic and communal construction projects.
- Linear type structures, which include highways, railways, pipelines, power lines, gas pipelines.
Documentation separation
In accordance with the provisions of the Regulations, documentation is divided into:
- design development;
- working draft.
Concepts do not define the stages of preparation of project documents, they denote various packages of documents. The essence of dividing the project process into stages is that the necessary documents are not developed immediately, but in accordance withtwo stages.
First stage "P"
Initial stage (stage "P") - the project is adopted in a general objective form without applying detailed decisions. The type of building, its location is selected, the design, planning and architectural solutions are determined, the construction method is laid down, the issue of technological construction schemes is closed. At this stage, a summary estimate is made, a general description of the construction object is given.
The specified package of primary documentation is subject to the state examination procedure, where assessments and comments are given to eliminate deficiencies. After adjustment, the project is accepted or rejected by the customer.
The next stage - "RP"
The second stage - "WP" - is to draw up a working draft, which includes detailed documentation. All general solutions are detailed. The main drawings adopted at the “P” stage are deciphered in detail using detailed sections, sketches, explanations for the nodes. At this stage, in accordance with the general calculations, local estimates and other detailed documentation are compiled. Detailed design documents are transferred directly to the builders on the site, stage "P" papers are not transferred to the contractors.
Working documentation serves to implement innovative and economical technological solutions in the process of repair or construction. There are no instructions in the Regulations on the issue of the sequence of development of working drawings and text comments, therefore the composition of the working documentation is determined based on the requirementscustomer. The investor or developer decides which papers will be included in the working draft, depending on the required detailing of the solutions, this wish is indicated when issuing a task for the execution of drawings, and taking into account the development and coordination of project documentation.
There are advantages to developing documentation in two stages, which lie in the fact that in case of an unsuccessful solution, not all documentation is subject to rework, but only some of its parts. If the construction or reconstruction of an object includes small volumes, then the two design stages are combined into one common one, when all issues are resolved at once.
What is included in the final design and estimate documentation?
It includes working and design documentation. This is the main difference from the design stages, when only the working draft remains in the final version. The documents are complementary to each other. Project documentation for the construction of a non-production or industrial category capital group facility contains papers corresponding to twenty sections:
- Planning the organization of construction work on the site.
- Accepted architectural construction options.
- Explanatory note to the project of the house.
- Developed space-planning and design solutions.
- Information about engineering networks, equipment, list of technical measures, justification of technological processes.
- Designed electrical wiring and supply system.
- Plumbing system drawings.
- Scheme of sewer cleaning device.
- Heating supply system, location of heat mains, air conditioning of the interior space.
- Location of the communication system.
- Gas lines and appliances.
- Technology for the production of works, taking into account floor plans.
- PIC (Construction Management Project).
- Description of measures for the dismantling of existing buildings of the capital group.
- List of valid environmental protection measures.
- Fire safety checklist.
- Constructive elements of the building to facilitate the movement of the disabled.
- List of measures to comply with energy feasibility and supply buildings with metering devices used resources.
- Estimates of the general and corresponding local estimates for the construction of the building.
- Other documentation in special cases.
Initial design data
The representative of the general design department and the customer or developer determine the class of the object being built and the complexity, depending on these data, the number of design stages is set. The duration of construction depends on the type, complexity of construction, options for technological and technical solutions, the provided labor resources and the mechanisms used.
Initial data includes restrictions and technical conditions stipulated by the Urban Planning Code, a construction task according to customer requirements, its main indicators andparameters, cost of construction. The assignment for design and construction is drawn up and approved in agreement between the investor, the customer and the developer and the representative of the general design department.
Project documentation for the construction of the facility contains a task drawn up taking into account the building codes and rules reflected in the SNiP. For the correct conclusion of contracts, general conditions for their conclusion have been developed. The cost of construction is calculated based on state norms and standards. The name of the construction object contains information about the type of work (reconstruction, repair, construction) and address location.
This data does not change at all stages of design, the working draft contains the same name.
Number of design stages depending on the complexity of the object
The complexity of construction affects the choice of the number of design stages:
- For buildings of the first and second complexity groups, designing takes place in one stage, called the working draft "RP".
- Buildings of the non-industrial sector require the development of a preliminary design "EP", production and linear facilities are presented in the technical and economic calculation of the "TEP", for both groups the final stage of the "RP" is required.
- For objects classified as the third category of complexity, the project is being developed in two stages - the project "P" and the working documentation "P".
- Three stages are provided for buildings of the fourth and fifth groups of complexity, the first includes depending on the purposebuilding stage "EP" or "feasibility study", then the stage "P" and "P".
After the EP, TEP, Feasibility Study and P stages are approved and approved, they become the basis for the development of subsequent project stages. Sometimes, at the discretion of the investor, the stages may be reversed, and the development of the “P” stage follows first.
The general designer, together with the customer, has the right to change the number of stages by means of an agreed decision. For the development of certain sections of estimate and design documents, performers who have a certificate for their activities, or in some cases workers without such a certificate, are involved. Both those and others put their signatures under the relevant sections of the project, they certify the explanatory note, a sample of which contains explanatory information. The title page is stamped.
Materials of all developed stages are transferred to the investor or developer by the general designer in the form of paper media, their number is four copies. If subprojects are involved in the project, the number of copies increases to five.
A set of working drawings, according to which work is supposed to be performed directly at the construction site and several identical buildings are to be erected, is transferred in four copies to only one object, and the rest is intended for two sets. If the buildings are different, then four copies are issued for each building.
Engineering and technical calculations, economic, environmental justifications that should notbe included in the project package, the data of engineering surveys and surveys are kept by the general designer and are subject to issue at the request of the developer for temporary use. To do this, a contract is concluded containing the terms of the contract.
Problems of engineering surveys
Engineering survey data is obtained as a result of a special type of work performed before the start of the design of any facility in order to study the geological conditions at the proposed construction site and nearby areas. The properties of the soil, the moisture content and the depth of its passage are being studied, a soil incision is made, and adverse phenomena are identified.
After the research, a technical conclusion is made on the suitability of the soil in this area for the planned construction. To conduct engineering and geological surveys, a contract is concluded between the customer and a specialized organization to determine the suitability of the soil. The presence of a certificate makes it possible to give a reasonable opinion on the properties of the soil.
The survey work is based on the legal and regulatory framework, the contractor receives the terms of reference for the work, within which a topographic plan of the area for future construction, a permit for the construction of a building, a land allocation plan and a plan for building a house are transmitted. Engineering works include:
- geological and technogenic control;
- checking the bearing capacity of the soil for the construction of foundations and foundations;
- assessment of the possibility of a critical occurrenceman-made disasters, landslides, earthquakes;
- a written substantiation of work to protect dangerous areas is being compiled;
- exploring the components of the surrounding space;
- hydrogeological geodetic, geological, cadastral surveys are being carried out as part of the further construction, use or dismantling of structures.
Engineering and technical surveys are carried out both in the field and in the laboratory, aiming at a comprehensive study of the conditions for construction. As a result, information appears after the processed research data. Estimating in construction involves laying about 5-15% of the cost of work for engineering and technical surveys.
Explanatory note: sample filling
The architectural part includes a description of the location of the building object relative to large settlements, the size of the site, its shape and orientation to the cardinal points, the neighboring streets are indicated. A description of the relief is given, the temperature of the coldest and hottest months is indicated. The amount of precipitation, snow load, prevailing wind direction, soil freezing depth, vegetation are written.
The next section - the master plan - characterizes the plan of the site, its surroundings with natural plantations, compliance with hygienic and sanitary standards, distance from the road and neighboring buildings, the location of the entrance. The wind rose is shown on the map. All functional areas of the site must be indicated, for example, roads, utility yard, jointrecreation, gazebos, paved areas, architectural elements, etc. Regular garden plantings are marked, existing trees and shrubs are marked.
The description of the house begins with the number of storeys, the description of the roof, the material of the walls and other enclosing structures, the type of frame, vertical and horizontal connections, stairs, a planning solution is given. A specification of the premises is being developed on all planned floors, indicating the area of the rooms. The number of building entrances and exits, emergency evacuation methods, fire openings are indicated.
Describes the interior decoration for all residential, utility and ancillary premises, indicating wall, ceiling and floor coverings. Without fail, attention is focused on filling window and door openings.
External finish characterizes not only the final material, but also the insulating layer, the frame for its fastening, attention is paid to the finish of the plinth.
The structural part contains a description of the frame-volumetric solution, due to which elements the rigidity and joint work of the elements are ensured, the material of the bearing elements and columns is indicated.
In the description of the foundation, the depth of the foundation for various sections, the material of the base body, and the reinforcement filling are indicated. The material of external and internal walls, roofs, floors, ceilings is described.
At the end of the explanatory note, a device for engineering communications of all types is prescribed, the material of pipes, adapters is indicated, the name of the mains and the preferential location are given.
In conclusion, it should be said that many customers and developers of private houses save money and order a project with the development of an incomplete list of drawings and calculations. The savings in this section of the work are obvious, but the subsequent stages, in particular the work of the builders on the site, will become a real problem. The contractor will ask the site owner questions that the developer will have to look for answers on their own or order additional drawings a second time.
