Public buildings are included in the service sector. They are used for educational, educational, medical, cultural and other activities. All these processes require certain conditions. The Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation (latest edition) is a key regulatory act containing prescriptions that objects must comply with. Concretize the provisions of various sets of rules. One of them is SP 118.13330.2012 "Public buildings and structures". This document was put into effect on January 1, 2013. The act establishes standards for the design of public buildings. Consider in the article some general principles for drawing up a plan for an object.
Relevance of the issue
Designing residential and public buildings is a special field of activity. The effective functioning of the internal environment of the object is ensured by the spatial organization and implementation of special measures aimed at protecting a person from the adverse effects of external factors. As a primary qualitystructures stands for their compliance with the activities that will be carried out in it. Functional characteristics are diverse. They reflect not only the complexity and diversity of human needs, but also the scientific and technological level, the features of the area. The purpose of the building determines the key architectural parameters. At the same time, ideas about the conformity of an object to the purposes for which it is used are constantly changing over time. The emergence of new types of structures ensures the emergence of structures and materials. They, in turn, contribute to the introduction of new architectural ensembles into practice. This dialectical unity is the most important condition for the progressive development of the construction industry. The artistic and functional tasks of architecture are embodied in specific forms. They provide strength, durability, reliability of objects and their parts. The purpose of the building determines its design features. The internal structure of the facility should allow the planned activities to be carried out without any difficulties.
Design of public buildings
It is a complex, multi-level creative process. The design of public buildings is carried out on the basis of state standards. The master plan of the facility includes a comprehensive solution of various engineering and architectural issues:
- Social service staff.
- Rational placement of the object, its elements, utilities on the site allotted for this. AtIn this case, planning is carried out taking into account the requirements contained in the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation (latest edition), technological requirements, as well as the relative height location.
- Beautification of the adjacent territory.
- Transport, economic, engineering and technical support.
- Protection of the territory.
Drawings
Design of public buildings includes drawing up various schemes:
- Situational plan. It is compiled on a scale of 1:10,000 (or to 25,000).
- Layout plan (location of structures on the ground). It has a scale of 1:500, 1:2000, 1:1000.
Last includes plans:
- Relief organization.
- Earth masses.
- Engineering networks (summary diagram).
- Beautification of the area.
Development of drawings is carried out in the minimum required volume. The level of their detail reflects the adopted technical solutions, corresponds to a specific design stage.
Situational diagram
It reflects the state of the territories that are adjacent to the area planned for construction, as well as its change associated with the preparatory activities on the ground. The situational scheme determines the rational placement, transport, external engineering, economic, industrial relations of the enterprise with other facilities, including auxiliary ones, as well as areas for personnel resettlement, road network, boundaries of the SPZ. In terms ofthe permissible territorial development of the structure for the future is reflected. It contains information about the intended use of the territories adjacent to the object.
Key Principles
When drawing up master plans, it is necessary to reflect:
- Zoning.
- Differentiation of cargo transport and human flows.
- Blocking.
- Placement of facilities intended to serve workers.
- Ensuring the sequence of construction and prospective development of the territory.
- Unification of parameters and modularity of building and planning components.
- Entries and entrances to the facility.
- Building types and methods of architectural composition formation.
- Driveways and highways.
Space-planning solutions
The organizational chart of an object is determined by placement and interconnection:
- planning core;
- structural nodes vertically and horizontally.
The first is called the main room in terms of its functions and dimensions (one or more). A structural node is a block of interconnected areas that perform a structure-forming role in the formation of an object's composition. These items include:
- Input groups. Among them are dressing rooms, vestibules, vestibules.
- Groups of main rooms. They are auditoriums, halls, etc.
- Groups of auxiliary and ancillary areas, bathrooms.
Premises of public buildings forming structuralnodes, ensure the entrance of people from the outside, preparation of the internal environment of the object for the implementation of the main functions, the performance of auxiliary and main tasks, the movement of visitors and staff.
Entrance group
It includes various elements. In accordance with the purpose of the building, the evacuation and loading system, the following are created:
- Combined outputs and inputs. This planning solution is considered the most common.
- Disconnected outputs and inputs. Such elements suit museums, shops and so on.
- Separate exits and entrances for women and men. This solution is used in sports complexes, baths, etc.
Element characteristics
The entrance group is considered a mandatory part of many public buildings. It includes ancillary areas, a vestibule, vestibules, a cloakroom. The latter is for storing clothes. It is located near the entrance, but at a small distance from the path of movement of people. The main elements with which the wardrobe is associated are a freight elevator, stairs, halls, etc. It is considered an organic part of the lobby, which, in turn, can be one- or two-level. The common space must be free to accommodate the required number of people. In this regard, regardless of the constructive structure of the object, the vestibule is planned to be framed. At the same time, a freight elevator, escalators, stairs, etc. should be conveniently connected to it. The tambour is the space between the inner and outer doors. They can also be an extension to a small structure. It provides protection from precipitation, temperature changes, etc. When designing vestibules, one should take into account the free movement of people. In this regard, their depth is not less than one and a half width of one door leaf.
Ceiling height: standard
The distance from the floor to the top floor is determined by SNiP. It depends on the purpose of the building, the volume of human flow. The main parameters are as follows:
- In public buildings, living rooms of sanatoriums, the distance from the floor to the upper ceiling is not less than 3 m. For objects with other types of living space, separate rules apply.
- In bathing and he alth complexes designed for 100 people. and more, the distance to the upper ceiling from the floor is not less than 3.3 m.
- Ceiling heights in dry cleaners and laundries are 3, 6 or more meters.
In some auxiliary rooms and corridors, in accordance with technological requirements and space-planning solutions, a smaller distance is allowed. However, the ceiling height should not be lower than 1.9 m. Subject to the functional and technical rules, the distance to the upper floor of the attic floors can be reduced under the inclined upper floor. Moreover, the area of such a site cannot be more than 40% of S of the entire room. On the lowest part of the inclined plane, the height is not less than 1.2 m, if the slope is 30 degrees, if 45 - 0.8 m, 60 degrees - is not limited. In offices and other administrativein rooms, the distance to the upper floor is at least 3 m. Meanwhile, the norms allow some exceptions. They can be small offices that are not located in administrative buildings. The distance to the upper ceiling in them is allowed to be set according to the parameters provided for other types of buildings (residential, in particular).
Extra
Special attention should be paid to the technical floor. The distance to the upper ceiling is set individually in each case. This takes into account various factors. Technical floor - a space in which engineering networks, auxiliary equipment and other technical means are located. When determining the required distance from the floor to the top, one should take into account the specifics of their installation, as well as the operating conditions. The height of the ceiling in the areas of movement of service workers to the lower elements of the protruding parts should be at least 1.8 m. m.
Conclusion
Public buildings have different functions. Among them:
- Formation of conditions for interaction between people, public services.
- Providing episodic, regular, daily needs of citizens. In particular, we are talking about leisure activities, spiritual development, cultural enlightenment,education, etc.
The functional structure of buildings includes three components: recreational and recreational, industrial and household. Any space within an object should fully meet the goals of the activities that are carried out in it.
