When designing and building any house, both suburban private and multi-storey, of course, a variety of engineering systems are provided. And one of the most necessary types of communications for creating comfort in residential premises is plumbing. These are networks like any other. Of course, they must be equipped in compliance with all the rules and regulations.
Design elements
Any such network is a fairly complex system, including equipment of various types, all kinds of fittings and fittings for pipes. Water pipelines, both private houses and urban, however, usually consist of three main structural elements:
- source of water supply;
- outdoor plumbing;
- internal.
HW and cold water supply is carried out through lines assembled from pipes, which can be made of steel, modern polymeric materials, copper, etc.
Sources
Of course, certain sanitary requirements are imposed on the water supplied to residential, public or industrial buildings. Two main types of sampling sources can be used:
- superficial;
- deep.
When installing water supply networks in residential buildings, only the second type of sources is usually used. In most cases, these are wells drilled to aquifers located deep underground. In this case, the latter can be located under a layer of sand or calcareous rocks.
Surface sources are most often used to supply water to production facilities. These are usually lakes, rivers, or man-made ponds located near the facility.
Outdoor plumbing
Such networks are used to transport water from a source to buildings. Systems of this variety are assembled from pipes of a sufficiently large diameter. At the same time, highways are stretched, most often underground. That is, trenches are preliminarily dug under the pipes. The depth of the laying of the water supply can be quite large. Usually trenches for pipes are dug below the freezing line of the soil in this particular area.
In order to exclude the possibility of water freezing in the winter season, the mains are usually additionally insulated. For example, using mineral wool. In some cases, water pipes can also be heated. In order to prevent freezing in highways, most often in themrun special electrical cables.
Outdoor plumbing is usually a system that includes pipes of a sufficiently long length. Along the entire length of such highways, among other things, special manholes are being equipped. Such elements are most often installed at the turns of the main line, at the points of connection of branches, etc. Inspection wells are needed in order to be able to repair or replace fittings at the joints.
Pumping equipment
Water is taken from both surface and deep sources, of course, using special equipment. These could be:
- surface pumps;
- deep;
- pumping stations.
The first type of equipment is usually used to take water from open sources: lakes, ponds, rivers. Deep well pumps are designed for supply from wells. Such equipment on a special cable, together with an electric cable, is lowered directly into the mine.
Pumping stations are most often installed on surface sources or on shallow wells. Such systems are a whole complex, which may include:
- pump;
- hydraulic tank;
- regulation and control systems.
Such systems differ in that they are able to automatically maintain pressure in the network. Pumping stations can be provided during installation anddesigning water pipelines for both private houses and, for example, urban networks. In the latter case, of course, very powerful and productive equipment of this type is used.
Special occasions
Sometimes pumping equipment is not used in external water supply systems. There is no need for artificial injection when the source is above the consumers. It can be, for example, a mountain lake or a river. In this case, water is supplied to consumers by gravity. Instead of pumping equipment in such systems, special types of valves are used.
What other equipment can be used
Quite often, various kinds of treatment facilities are also an element of the design of external water supply networks. Such stations can be equipped with sampling from both surface and deep sources. External water supply is a system that must be equipped in such a way that water is supplied to consumers that meets all sanitary rules. The main purpose of installation in such networks of treatment facilities is its disinfection.
From the source, water at such a station is supplied to a special reservoir. Here, reagents are added to the water to destroy harmful microorganisms, fungi, etc. Such stations are mounted only on the external highways of city networks. In residential suburban buildings, a water purification system is usually provided at the entrance of pipes to the house.
Internal network elements
Water is supplied to houses fromsources through pipes laid underground. In this case, such highways are usually entered into buildings through pre-provided holes in the foundation.
Directly in the house, a pipe branching into hot and cold water pipes is created. In private low-rise buildings, for example, a tee is installed on a highway introduced from the street. Next, pipes are laid along the walls to consumers: sink, sink, shower, bathroom.
The HW line from the tee is connected to the boiler. Such equipment is responsible for heating water to the required temperature. From the boiler, the HW line is also laid to consumers. A pump is provided for pumping water through pipes in internal plumbing systems.
Additional items
Also, internal plumbing is a system, the design of which may include:
- filters;
- softeners;
- iron removers.
There are two main types of filters in such engineering networks: coarse and fine. The first type of devices is installed most often at the entrance of the external water supply to the house first. Such filters in the network are responsible for water purification from various kinds of mechanical impurities. It can be, for example, silt, dirt, etc.
Fine filters are designed to remove smaller contaminants from water, as well as to eliminate unpleasant odors from it. Sometimes special UV disinfectors can be installed in homes for additional processing.
Softeners and iron removers
Such equipment in internal water supply systems is also used to give water the desired consumer qualities. Softeners are included in networks of this type to remove various kinds of mineral impurities. When used, the water becomes softer. As a result, scale does not form on the heating elements of boilers and household appliances, as well as inside the mains.
Iron removers are equipment installed to remove iron from water, in the event that it contains more than the established norms allow. The fact is that excess iron can be very harmful to human he alth.
Regulatory documents
Of course, in our country there are also standards for designing such networks. By what rules should water supply be provided in houses? External networks and structures according to SP 31.13330.2012, for example, must be equipped simultaneously with sewer systems. This document also prescribes the use of equipment with a sanitary and epidemiological certificate when installing external networks.
In addition, according to the standards provided for by the JV “Water supply. External networks and facilities”, in household and drinking structures, it is supposed to equip, among other things, sanitary zones for springs, pumping stations and treatment facilities.
