During the construction of a house, much attention must be paid to the future construction of the roof, because there are many varieties and types of it. Which option you choose will determine the functionality of the entire building.
The roof construction system can be different depending on the type of roofing materials or geometry. It is conditionally possible to divide all roofs into 2 very large categories. The first includes all flat roofs, and the second - pitched.
Varieties of roofs
The process of designing the structure of the roof of a house requires increased attention, because this element transfers the entire load to the truss frame, the choice of a suitable roofing is underway, it is also necessary not to forget about third-party factors, such as wind or snow. All this has an impact on the building. Errors during the determination of the slope of the roof and truss systems affect the integrity of the entire building, so when making them, it is important to use clear instructions and standards.
Nowadays, there are a huge number of different options for arranging a roof structure. Undoubtedly,there may be differences depending on the climatic zone or the materials used for the roof, but they are all grouped according to the following characteristics:
- shape;
- number of rays;
- bias;
- carrier system type.
The common denominator for all types of roofs is the roofing pie and the overlap of the upper floors.
How are roofs divided according to the angle of inclination?
Flat roof construction is most often an almost flat surface, the slope of which is not more than 5 °. Such roofs are characterized by low consumption of building materials and are used for the construction of outbuildings, sheds, gazebos or country houses. They do not contain attics, and they can only be insulated from the inside.
Varieties of a flat roof
The advantage of such roofs is that they can be used in the future as a basis for other auxiliary structures or platforms for people.
They can also be divided into several types of roofs by design:
- With ventilation. There is a free zone between the waterproofing and the insulation, thanks to which it will be possible to obtain free access of air to the layers of thermal insulation. This helps to remove excess moisture very quickly.
- No ventilation. It is presented in the form of a sealed roofing pie, in which there is no access of air from the outside.
- Inversion. This is a type of roof construction where the reverse order of the roof layers is applied. This option is considered an excellent solution forcreating exploitable roofs or green roof coverings.
Pitched roofs
This roof has a slope that exceeds 5°. Pitched roofs are conditionally divided into the types presented:
- Shed. This is the most economical and simple type. It is a single plane that relies on 2 load-bearing walls of the building, which have different heights. Such roofs are most often used to decorate industrial buildings, garages, warehouses and similar premises. They perfectly cope with the classic tasks: to protect the building from precipitation and wind. Such roofs are rarely exploited.
- Gable roof design has two planes that rest on walls with the same height. With each other, these planes are combined along one of the sides, thus, free space with a different volume is obtained. The sides of the roof are covered with gables that protect the building from the other two sides. Roofs can have different pitches and overhangs.
- The design of the mansard roof has 2 slopes, but each of them is placed on two planes that are connected to each other at an obtuse angle. Mostly such roofs are created to obtain a spacious attic. Pitched roofs can also be fitted with skylights that fit on top of the slope.
- The hip roof structure is equipped with two small and two large slopes. Large ones are combined according to the type of gable roofs, however, instead of gables, another lateral one descends from the end of the ridge.slope It is also called a hip. In cases where the hips do not reach the walls, such a roof is usually called a half-hip roof. Hip roofs do an excellent job with significant wind loads. This design can also be equipped with a roof window. The roof differs in complexity during design and during creation.
- Hipped roof. The presented type of roof structure includes a variety of unusual formats that can have 4 identical slopes at the same time, which are combined with each other at one point at the top. Each of the slopes has a triangular shape, due to which this design is completely symmetrical in all directions. Moreover, each pitched roof can have a different height. The large size makes it possible to create not just a living space under the roof, but also contributes to a simple and quick descent of precipitation. If you live in regions where strong winds predominantly blow, then you need to further strengthen this structure.
The structure of the roof of a private house is the combination of a large number of various components, the interaction between which forms an important protective frame for the entire building. If at least one of the structural components was manufactured or placed incorrectly, then this will significantly affect the life and reliability of the entire building.
Truss roof construction systems
Each type of roof consists of a mauerlat, a system of strut rafters and props that play the role of a skeleton for the entire roofand serve as a base for mounting roofing materials.
Each component is made from wood. Most often, conifers are chosen, as they are distinguished by their low weight and long service life. Among other things, resin secretions on wood help to reliably protect it from decay processes.
The wooden roof structure contains support for the entire truss system. Such a Mauerlat is a beam with a large cross section, which is located on both sides of the building, located above its load-bearing walls. It is attached to the wall very rigidly using metal bolts, wire or studs. It is extremely important to fix the beam as firmly as possible. It is isolated from the wall using roofing material or any other materials for insulation. This allows you to ensure a long service life of the building and its safety. Mauerlat has a thickness of at least 15 centimeters.
The benefits of this solution
The truss structure of the roof plays an important role in supporting the crate, as well as the roof that is located on it. Rafters can be of two types: layered or hanging.
- If the construction of the building has supporting walls or partitions, it is necessary to use layered rafters. They are installed at roof span intervals of 4 to 6 meters.
- If the span is larger than this, an auxiliary support must be placed.
- Layer systems have 2 rafter legs, which are supported on the Mauerlat from one side, and are combined with each other from the otherfriend and join the ridge beam.
- The legs of the rafters are connected at the top using a crossbar.
- The material that is used to create layered rafters has a cross section of at least 5 centimeters. The most optimal distance between two rafters is approximately 1.5 meters. If necessary, wooden supports made of beams should be placed under the inclined legs.
- Hanging rafters are installed in cases where the span of the roof exceeds 7 meters and there are no partitions between the walls. Moreover, they can be used to decorate the attic floor, when the partition under the rafters is superfluous. Such rafters include 2 rafter legs, which are combined with each other by horizontal puffs attached to the legs using vertical racks and an inclined brace. The presented design does not need additional reinforcements, because with its ends the puff rests directly on the Mauerlat.
Covering and lathing of wooden roof structure
The lathing is placed above the truss system and is necessary to accommodate the necessary roofing. Depending on the selected roofing option, it is necessary to select the appropriate type of lathing.
Types of lathing
There are two types of crates: sparse and solid.
- Solid is installed if it is necessary to use roll materials for roofing, soft roofing, tiles or other piece materials. The distance between adjacent boards should not be more than 10 millimeters. The best thinginstall a continuous crate in two layers, between which there will be a special layer of waterproofing. You can choose roofing material, isoplast, as well as other roll materials. Such a gasket makes it possible to reliably protect the rear from excess moisture and strong winds.
- Sparse crate is used if it is necessary to use sheet materials. The most popular types are metal tiles, ondulin, bioline or corrugated board. Due to the fact that the load on individual slats can be increased, it is best to use a beam, the thickness of which will be at least 2.5 centimeters. The distance between such laths of the crate is not more than 60 centimeters.
To increase the life of your truss systems and battens, you can treat all wood components with a special impregnation that helps protect the wood from decay and pests.
Roof installation
The selected material for the future roof is laid out on a pre-prepared crate. If necessary, you can add insulation, either hard materials (extruded polystyrene foam, polystyrene) or soft (mineral wool, etc.). An important condition when using insulation is the need to place a vapor barrier layer, as well as a waterproofing gasket.
What is a green roof?
Every day, the processes of urbanization are increasing in our world, the number of cars and skyscrapers is growing, and therefore the "green" world is gradually being squeezed out of our environment. Wednesday.
For a more pleasant and comfortable stay in their homes, people sometimes prefer to decorate a green roof. For this, herbaceous vegetation or stunted trees were used. This makes it possible to maintain a pleasant microclimate not only inside the house, but also on city streets. Similar small gardens were built in Assyrian and Babylonian times over 2500 years ago.
Gradually, this fashion began to spread beyond the territory of Asia. European countries, in particular the Scandinavian countries, have very successfully adopted this practice for their living conditions.
What is a green roof like?
Green roofing uses soil and various vegetation as its main components. Such a roof can be either partially or completely covered with soil, on which its own micro-ecosystem will develop. A similar roof consists of the following layers:
- Vegetation.
- Soil.
- Filters.
- Drainage.
- Waterproofing.
- Heat insulation.
There are times when the materials or structure for the roof are different, but this is not essential.
Such a roof can be divided into two types:
- Inverted.
- Extensive.
Extensive roofing
It is used for a temporary location and is not intended to be walked on. This is only allowed in certain areas. The soil layer has a thickness of no more than 0.15 meters, due to which only small plants grow here. Similarthe roof is most often found with lawn vegetation or mosses, which are contained in special pallets and containers. Plants are selected with a horizontal root system. In its water-saturated state, the roof exerts a load of up to 100 kg/m2.
Inverted roof
This type of roof makes it possible to create not only a lawn on the roof, but also a full-fledged garden with various trees. You can even put a fountain with a pool there. Such a roof must certainly have a parapet with a height of 1.2 meters, and the thickness of the soil from 0.2 to 0.6 meters.
Most often such a roof is placed on public houses, where there are business centers, hotels, resorts or restaurants. The significant thickness of the soil and other components of such a roof increases the load on the load-bearing elements of the building. In this regard, the presence of an intensive green roof must be considered at the design stage of the entire building.
The difference between roof types
Intensive roofing differs from extensive in the size of the layer thickness, as well as the location of the insulation. It is not below, but above the waterproofing. This helps protect it from possible mechanical damage.
Extensive roofing has the following advantages over intensive roofing:
- low cost;
- insignificant load on the supporting systems of the building;
- easy and accessible content.
