Operation of industrial facilities is often accompanied by increased loads on structures. In this regard, technologists are constantly improving the regulatory framework governing the design of construction projects of this type. By the way, in addition to traditional production facilities, such buildings include towers for storing materials, tanks, overpasses and other engineering structures. However, the design of industrial buildings has its own characteristics in terms of functional and ergonomic design. Also, experts provide opportunities for optimizing construction with the expectation of increasing the energy efficiency of facilities.
General regulations
In the design process, as a rule, it is required to combine several functional zones in one structure, which will be responsible for the storage of materials and raw materials, production and technological operations. This solution allows you to optimize the spatial possibilities and save free space. The premises also house multifunctional equipment that can be used to solve various problems.tasks. In addition, industrial building design codes require that, wherever possible, objects be designed on a modular principle of dimensional coordination. Again, this is a new design approach that makes good use of space.
Although the main point of the regulations is safety, technical and economic requirements cannot be ignored in the context of optimal design. On this basis, the design of industrial buildings with increased energy efficiency is based.
Safety considerations
Industrial facilities place high demands not only on the technical part. Construction with the use of reinforced load-bearing structures is a prerequisite for the implementation of such projects. However, to ensure the safety of people who serve an industrial facility, various factors must be taken into account. In particular, the norms require compliance with optimal microclimatic and sanitary and epidemiological conditions in the workplace.
If industrial buildings are being designed, the activities of which will be associated with the processing of chemically harmful substances, then highly efficient forced ventilation should be provided. Indicators of the content of substances hazardous to he alth should be regularly monitored during the operation of such buildings. In addition to ventilation systems, engineering installations with automatic or manual air supply control can also be used. The same applies to temperaturemicroclimate parameters, which must be regulated by appropriate devices.
Building planning
The area of the structure should be determined cumulatively, taking into account all premises, including technical, above-ground, basement and basement. Depending on the purpose of the object, special passages for servicing communications should be provided. Industrial buildings are very demanding in terms of infrastructure equipment, so access to them should be as free as possible, but at the same time, engineering networks should be hidden in special niches. In this regard, the design of residential, industrial buildings, as well as production workshops is the same and focuses on the criteria of accessibility and reliability.
Don't forget about energy efficiency criteria. The rational distribution of electrical communications, for example, will save a considerable amount in the cost of maintaining the building. Above suspended ceilings, it should also be possible to install platforms for auxiliary maintenance of conveyors, crane runways, lighting devices and monorails.
Structural design
First of all, the development of a design and planning solution should be carried out with a focus on minimizing the risk of injury. That is, the processes of movement, performance of work activities, the use of mobile machinery and equipment should be as safe as possible. To achieve this kind of safety, building structures should be made of high-strength materials, the bearing capacity of which corresponds to the loads of the building. The requirements for the resistance of materials in relation to progressive collapse must also be taken into account.
Bearing elements and the foundation of the building during construction must be endowed with sufficient strength and for operation under conditions of increased loads, which are allowed by the technical standards of the SNiP documents. The design of industrial buildings in this part involves not only performing calculations for the action of loads from its own mass. Depending on local climatic conditions, wind and snow loads are also taken into account.
Infrastructure design
Due to the specific nature of the operation of most industrial buildings, work to provide utility infrastructure most often focuses not on laying networks, but on the technical implementation of the conditions for such activities. To simplify installation actions, the design of industrial buildings initially provides for the inclusion of special technological openings for the introduction of heating, water supply and electrical wiring circuits. According to the type of arrangement of residential premises, raised floors and suspended ceiling niches are also provided. On the one hand, this solution facilitates installation operations, and on the other hand, it provides free access to communications maintenance during operation.
Featuresmulti-storey building design
Passenger elevators are provided for in projects of multi-storey facilities with a height of at least 15 m from the ground. Places for the integration of the relevant channels, as well as their infrastructure support, are thought out in advance. In some cases, the design of industrial buildings and structures is not complete without the calculation of freight elevators. The number and carrying capacity of lifting equipment is calculated depending on the cargo and passenger flows. For example, one elevator is enough to serve a shift of 30 workers, provided that the building is about 15 m high.
Design features of warehouse facilities
Difficulties in the design of warehouse facilities are usually associated with the specifics of the storage of certain goods and materials. For example, premises in which it is planned to contain food products should have fences without sharp edges. At the same time, the material for making such barriers must be strong enough so that mice do not gnaw through it. Ventilation systems with adjustable channel openings are also provided - this is a necessary condition if goods with different requirements for the microclimate and access to the air are stored. As a rule, the design of civil industrial buildings for the production and storage of food products is carried out with the expectation of special requirements for finishing materials. For example, floor coverings cannot be formed from flooring containing tar mastics and other environmentally harmful components.
Design of loading and unloading structures
Bundling production and storage facilities is a common solution in industrial complexes. However, for the efficient operation of such facilities, the integration of appropriate handling equipment is required. Such functions are performed by lifting platforms and ramps, which are designed taking into account the requirements for the general safety of personnel and the protection of goods from mechanical damage. The dimensional parameters of the units are determined based on the data on the cargo turnover of a particular enterprise.
In addition, the design of industrial buildings and enterprises in terms of providing loading and unloading structures should take into account fire safety requirements. This is especially true for lifts that are directly adjacent to buildings and process equipment. Such structures should be initially developed using non-combustible and heat-resistant materials.
Conclusion
The quality of the design work depends primarily on the conscientiousness of the performers. The regulatory framework provides enough information so that the contractor can implement an effective design solution in every sense. Therefore, the customer should focus on organizations that have sufficient experience in such activities. In Russia, these include the construction companies AZNH Group, NEOKA and TsNII. The design of residential and industrial buildings is carried out by these organizations using modern techniquesurban planning. In particular, engineers with designers, even at the stage of preparing a basic solution, are guided by the possibility of using innovative building materials. Also, in the process of work, advanced geographic information systems are used, which allow performing high-quality comprehensive analyzes of territories to further determine operational conditions.
