For the construction of a building with heavy walls, foundation pillows are used. If they are building a house with a basement, they build a tape-type foundation. The main element in it are plates. These pillows are high-tech structures made of concrete and steel reinforcement.
Foundation slabs are suitable for different soils. In order to perform the work qualitatively, it is necessary to carefully carry out preparatory measures. First of all, the bottom of the pit is leveled and water is drained. Concrete drainage wells are built around the building to divert water pressure from it. These wells are connected by special drainage pipes. In those places where the soil was chosen more, crushed stone with sand is added and rammed. Then a concrete base (5-10 cm) is made and work continues after it has completely dried.
Foundation slabs are covered with waterproofing in two layers. Sometimes they perform a cement-sand screed from above. Then formwork is built to the height of the slab. Before concreting, a reinforcing cage is performed. The diameter of the rebar depends on the design of the building.
If the house is being built in a seismically active area, frames (rebars and foundations)weld. The thickness of the pillows in this case should be 15-20 cm. The stiffeners are concreted immediately. In regions with deep freezing of the soil, foundation slabs are used, the dimensions of which should be 20-25 cm.
Work with concrete in the cold season is carried out at a temperature not lower than -15 ⁰С. Concrete is laid on the foundation slabs using a deep vibrator, and then it is leveled. The formwork is removed after the concrete has set and gained strength.
Foundation slabs GOST 13580 increase the area of support, and hence strengthen the building. They place high demands on them. Marking is also carried out according to certain standards. In the first group (FL), the letters mean the length (round off), the width and the name of the structure. The second group indicates the bearing capacity of the pillow. For example, the letter P indicates reduced permeability. "O" means low and "H" means normal.
Concrete grade M300 is used for foundations, and special modifiers are added to increase the frost resistance of the composition. Reinforced concrete pillows are the most demanded in construction. The material has the following advantages:
- economy;
- opportunity to reduce the amount of work;
- reducing the volume of concrete;
- reducing labor costs.
Types of pillows:
- box-shaped;
- solid;
- ribbed.
In order to find out what dimensions the foundation slabs should have, it is necessary topreliminary calculations. Determine the width of the pillow as follows. First, they find out the weight of the building and how much pressure the soil can withstand. By simple calculations, the required width of the plates is set.
Residential buildings are erected on cross monolithic tapes. They are interconnected, forming a solid (box-shaped) structure. In modern design, the foundation and all material costs are calculated. This allows you to significantly reduce costs and achieve a solid structure in any climatic conditions.
