Fireplace is one of the ancient structures of man, but to this day this heating device remains popular. It has not only a functional purpose, but also becomes an aesthetic addition to any home.
If you want to supplement your home with such a device, you should familiarize yourself with the technology of work. The unit should warm the room well, not contribute to smoke and blend well with the interior.
Design Features
Before you start laying, you should decide on the area and volume of the room where you plan to build. As an example, you can take the area of 10, 15 and 20 m2. In this case, the ceilings will have a height within 3.5 m. The volume of the premises should be equal to 35, 50 and 70 m3, respectively. The ratio of the furnace area to the mentioned volumes is as follows: 1 to 50 to 1 to 70. The final value is 2 thousand; 3k and 4k cm2.
Before you start laying the fireplaceor stoves, you must also consider the dimensions of the firebox portal. For the first value, they are 36 x 45 cm, for the second - 44 x 67 cm and for the 3rd - 52 x 77 cm.
Chimney features
When drawing up a chimney scheme, it should be taken into account that the dimensions of the brick pipe will be 14 x 14 cm and 14 x 27 cm. But if the scheme provides for a rounded chimney, then the chimney should have a diameter of 8 to 14 cm. In the next step, you will have to determine the final length of the chimney, but in this example it will be a limit of 4 to 5 m.
Firebox design
When laying fireplaces and stoves, craftsmen take into account what design the firebox will have. In order for the fireplace to have a better ability to reflect heat, its inner walls should be made at an angle. The two side walls should be turned outward, and the back wall should be tilted slightly forward. The slope should start from a third of the height. There should be a smoke compartment above the firebox. A cornice should be placed between it and the firebox. This element is necessary to prevent the escape of soot and sparks into the room. At the same time, the house is protected from smoke.
In order to understand what size a fireplace should have, you should indicate its location in terms of the room. The best place for laying a fireplace are the end walls or interior walls at the corners of the building. Construction should not be planned against a wall,located opposite the one where there are windows. This is due to the fact that if there is insufficient compaction, there is a risk of creating drafts.
What is important to pay attention to
If the fireplace is heated for a long time, the back walls of the pipe can get very hot, which can lead to a fire if the house is made of wood. If you still choose this option, then you should provide for fire prevention measures. The back wall is laid out in half a brick, its thickness will be 12 cm. The side walls are mounted in one brick, this value is 25 cm.
Expert advice
When laying fireplaces and stoves, you must use order. In order to depict it, you should use paper in a box. The plinth is built by laying bricks on the edge, but you can also mount it flat. In the second row, the products lie flat. The lower part of the firebox should be 2-3 brick rows away from the floor, which is approximately 30 cm.
Preparation of materials
Laying fireplaces and stoves must include the following materials:
- brick;
- sand;
- blue clay;
- cement;
- smoke damper;
- reinforcing bars.
Sand must be free from dust and debris, and its grain size must be equal to the limit of 0.2 to 1.5 mm. In order to achieve purity, sand is placed in water and a longtime persists. The water will need to be changed in several approaches until it becomes completely light.
For laying a fireplace, it is better to use Cambrian blue clay. But if this was not at hand, you can use oven clay. For the solution, you should purchase cement grade M-300 or M-400. Concrete and crushed stone are used to fill the foundation, the size of the elements of the latter can be equal to the limit from 2 to 6 cm. As for the reinforcement bars, they will need about 20 pieces with a length of 700 mm. Diameter can vary from 8mm to 10mm.
Work methodology
Laying stoves and fireplaces begins with the arrangement of the foundation. You must determine its size. It is necessary to locate the base at a distance from the foundation of the house, without connecting these two elements. After you have determined the dimensions, you can draw up a plan at the basement level. The width of the foundation should be the same as the width of the basement front row, but about 5 cm must be added to this value.
Working on the foundation
At the first stage, you need to prepare a hole, the size of which will be 10 cm larger than the foundation itself. The depth of the pit will be approximately 60 cm. The foundation can be brick or concrete. In order to decide on the material, you can proceed from prices and your own preferences.
10 cm crushed stone is poured on the bottom, which is compacted. The base must be horizontal. Then you can start filling. Formwork of the required height from wooden boards is pre-installed. The walls of the box are treated with resin from the inside and upholstered with roofing materialfor waterproofing. To prepare the mortar, use one part of cement and three parts of sand.
Ingredients are mixed dry, then water is added to them. The mixture is stirred until it acquires a homogeneous consistency, similar to thick sour cream. Then pouring is carried out, and after that the foundation is left until ready. Its top must be smoothed by checking the level. Concrete is covered with polyethylene and left for 7 days. Only after that you can start laying. The foundation must be 6 cm below the level.
Fireplace masonry
Laying stoves and fireplaces is carried out almost according to the same scheme. At the next stage, it is necessary to lay 2 layers of waterproofing on the foundation, for example, roofing material. Then the bricks are calibrated. Choose the ones you need. Clay is soaked for 2-3 days. Water is added to it and kneaded as the solution thickens. The first row is laid out with an edge. It is better to use a solution with the addition of cement.
It is important to constantly check the geometry of the rows. For this, twine and a square are used. The corners must be strictly vertical. You need to follow the horizontal rows with the help of the level.
The brick is soaked in water for 2-3 minutes before laying. If this manipulation is neglected, then the material will absorb moisture from the solution, which will reduce the strength of the masonry. Laying and installation of stoves and fireplaces is carried out using a trowel or trowel when it is necessary to form a continuous surface.
Portal openings must be coveredjumpers, which are:
- vaulted;
- clinker;
- arched.
The lintels must be mounted using a formwork-circle. First, heels are laid, the configuration of which will be determined by the finished circle. When laying a chimney on the roof, a sand-cement mortar should be used. In the place where the chimney will go to the roof, care should be taken to install an otter, which is also called an inlet. It provides fire protection.
Step by step instructions for laying the stove
At the first stage, it is necessary to lay out the ash pan and the lower part of the first cap from bricks. In this case, a sand-clay solution is used. At the second stage, the ash pan door is installed. For fastening, use galvanized wire. At the third stage, a grate is installed above the ash pan chamber.
Next, you can do the installation of the firebox. The inside of this compartment is laid out with refractory bricks. Products must be located on the edge. At this stage, a masonry mortar should be used. It is prepared in the same way as the standard one, but instead of simple clay, refractory clay is used, which is also called fireclay.
The combustion chamber door is fixed with steel plates. When laying a stove or fireplace with your own hands, you can carry out work using standard technology until you reach the 19th row. At this stage, the combustion chamber is blocked, and then a stove with burners can be laid for the stove. This board is usually made fromcast iron.
The evenness of the masonry is controlled by the building level. Next, the first cap is laid out, which will be located at the left edge of the structure. At this stage, a channel for the summer run is being equipped. The stove is installed, and then you can do the laying of the walls of the cooking compartment. Now you can install the valve for the summer run channel. The valve is located in the inner corner.
Laying should be carried out up to the 20th row, and then the cooking compartment and the first cap should be closed. A hole is left in the solid masonry for the summer course. The portal of the brewing compartment is closed with hinged doors. Doors must have heat-resistant glass inserts. This will allow you to monitor the process of burning fuel. Now you can install the cleaning doors, lay out the walls of the hood and lay the decorative belt around the upper perimeter of the oven.
Now you should start building the pipe. It is better if the chimney is made of brick. This design will last longer compared to asbestos and metal pipes. When laying brick stoves and fireplaces, the external decoration of the appliances is also performed. The easiest option would be plastering. Otherwise, you can focus on your own preferences and budget.
Masonry mixes
To prepare a clay mixture, you need to take the ingredient of the same name, which can be white or red. It is combined with sand, and then water is added to the components. The sand must becalibrated. In order to clean it from fine gravel and vegetable impurities, a sieve should be used. The same should be done with clay, trying to achieve its uniformity.
One part clay should be added to one part sand. The water in the solution should be a quarter of the amount of clay. When preparing a mixture for laying clay stoves and fireplaces, you should pay attention to the level of fat content of the solution, on which the elasticity and astringent properties of the mixture depend. This also indicates the reliability of the design. Particular attention must be paid to the purity of the water.
The solution for the oven should be moderately greasy. If it is too soft, this will lead to the fact that the finished masonry may crack, but the lean mortar will not provide the structure with sufficient reliability. The ideal solution would be one with sufficient elasticity to ensure that the structure remains stable after drying.
Lime mortar
Clay mortar for the chimney is better not to use, as this can cause cracks. At this stage, it is better to prepare a lime mixture. In order to close it, three parts of sand and one part of lime paste should be used. To obtain the latter, three parts of water and one part of quicklime should be used. If the lime paste is prepared correctly, its density should be 1,400 kg/m3. For the construction of furnace chimneys and foundations, the mortar can be purchased ready-made.
Characteristics of the Hercules GM-215 masonry adhesive
For laying stoves and fireplacesglue works well too. An excellent example is the heat-resistant composition "Hercules". With it, you can perform the entire cycle of work - from masonry to grouting. The thickness of the seam should be 7 mm or less.
The main purpose of the mixture is to line fireplaces and stoves that are subjected to dynamic and thermal effects. The mixture withstands high temperatures up to 1200 ˚С, it is plastic and can be used indoors with high and normal humidity.
Such a dry mix for laying stoves and fireplaces withstands dynamic loads from -50 ˚С. Among the main characteristics should be highlighted:
- heat resistance;
- frost resistance;
- fire resistance;
- heat resistance.
This composition is polymeric and based on cement. Among the bases suitable for applying glue, one can single out clinker bricks and products from:
- clay;
- fireclay;
- ceramics.
Stove and fireplace refractory mix is suitable for lining low-porous ceramic tiles, clinker tiles, terracotta tiles, and stove porcelain stoneware.
In closing
After laying a stove or fireplace, one of these devices may need to be repaired. This happens for several reasons. The first of them is negative conditions, the second is laying errors. The third reason may be improper operation.
In order for the reconstruction of the device not to be required, all the rules of the technology that were described above should be observed. For example,you should choose the right clay for laying stoves and fireplaces, which should not have impurities.
