The ideal solution for cooking and heating the house would be a brick oven. Its laying will not cause difficulties for an experienced master. If you have not de alt with such work before, then first you need to familiarize yourself with the technology, choose the right building materials, prepare the solution and plan the order in stages. If you follow all the rules, then laying a brick stove will not be difficult even for an inexperienced bricklayer.
Starting construction is necessary with laying the foundation. Even a small structure in a bathhouse or in a country house will weigh more than a ton. You need to put it not on the floor, but on your own separate foundation. Its upper cut should coincide with the level of the subfloor. Particular attention should be paid to ensure that the upper plane is horizontal. This will eliminate the skew of the rows and simplify the work.
Laying a brick stove must be accompanied by waterproofing of the foundation. To do this, after its readiness, it is necessarycover the surface of the base with two layers of roofing material, construction film or parchment. A steel sheet and a heat insulator are laid on top so that the heat does not go down. Bricks of the first layer are laid on this whole "pie".
Design selection
Proper laying of the stove is possible only if you follow the technology. It differs for different designs. Among others, Dutch or Swedish women should be distinguished. They are quite popular among consumers. The Swede is a heating and cooking stove, but the Dutch one is heating equipment. The first is good because you can cook food on it, use it for heating and supplement it with a built-in oven. Such designs are universal.
But blacksmiths are famous for their special design, which allows gases to move so that the efficiency reaches 95%. The complete absence of soot and minimal maintenance allow stove-makers to choose blacksmiths more often.
Foundation
Laying a stove in a house implies a foundation device. A pit is dug for it, the depth of which will depend on the type of soil, the mass of the structure, and the presence of groundwater. The length and width must correspond to the dimensions of the heating system and have a certain margin of distance to the formwork. It will not be needed if the ground is very hard.
Further, if necessary, formwork is installed, the dimensions of which must correspond to the final dimensions of the structure. Next, waterproofing is laid, which is attached to plywood withstapler. Pieces of bricks or large stones are poured to the bottom so that the slab does not sag and adheres well to the ground.
Then you can start pouring the concrete solution. The foundation should rise above the surface by six centimeters. When pouring, make sure that the surface is even using a building level. If necessary, it is leveled. The ground part of the foundation can be lined with rubble concrete stone or brick. This decorates it in a certain way.
Sometimes, in order to save money, the foundation is carried out on piles. It differs in the method of construction. Instead of pouring, you can use a finished reinforced concrete slab. For the solution you will need crushed stone, coarse sand and cement. If the foundation is piled, then asbestos or polyethylene pipes should be prepared. To carry out such work, you will need an earthen drill, shovels and bayonet shovels, a sledgehammer for installing piles, a container for preparing a solution and measuring tools.
Preparation of adhesive
The laying of brick stoves is usually carried out using not an ordinary cement mortar, but a clay-sand mixture. Such compositions may differ when you use ceramic or fireclay bricks. In the latter case, the solution should be prepared on the basis of fireclay marl or white kaolin. Minerals have high refractoriness and are able to endure temperatures above 1500 ˚С. Dry masonry mix for mortar preparation is purchased from the distribution network.
When using ceramic bricks, it is necessary to lay on mortar fromordinary clay, which can be found in your area. It can also be purchased at a building supermarket. Before laying a brick oven, you must calculate how much material it will take. For 100 units of brick, about 40 kg of clay will be required. You will also need sand.
The proportions of the ingredients of the solution are determined by the method of trial batches. To do this, the clay must be soaked for a day in cold water. The mass is divided into five parts, a quarter, half and three quarters should be added to each, as well as an equal weight part of the sand. The resulting samples should be kneaded to a homogeneous consistency and left for four hours to allow excess moisture to come off.
The next step is to start testing samples. They are rolled into centimeter sausages and wrapped around a five-centimeter round object. If cracks larger than 2 mm are formed on the sample, the solution can be considered unsuitable. If their depth does not exceed 2 mm, the composition can be used for laying those parts of the structure where the temperature will not be higher than 300 ˚С. If the surface of the sample is not cracked or has a fine mesh, the mortar can be used for laying the oven. Since the price of sand is lower than the cost of high-quality kiln clay, the essence of the tests is to determine the maximum possible proportion of filler in the mixture.
Masonry technology
Having examined and studied the layout of the stove masonry, which is presented in the article, you can start work. If the design is small, then it is suitable for heating one room or a small gardenhouse. In this case, the furnace will have an area of 0.4 m2. The construction will take a little brick, so the final weight of the structure will be small.
Laying must start from the first row. In order to get a perfectly flat horizontal plane, washed mountain or river sand is poured under the brick. This will smooth out the difference in material thickness and will act as an additional heat insulator. When laying a Russian stove, it is important to ensure a certain distance between the bricks, which should be from two to three millimeters. If the seam is too thick, it will crumble.
For masonry, you should choose the most even products with the same dimensions, since irregularities cannot be smoothed out by the thickness of the mortar. On the second row, a blower door should be installed. In order to compensate for thermal expansion, the fittings are wrapped around the perimeter with an asbestos cord. The door is fixed with steel wire, which is fixed in the masonry. So that it does not interfere, grooves should be cut in the brick under it with the help of a grinder.
The third row is laid out of fireclay bricks. The grates at this stage are installed after the clay has set. Masonry in the fourth row is carried out on the edge. If the grate cannot fit into the free space, the brick is trimmed, while leaving gaps of three millimeters on all sides.
The scheme of the stove implies the presence of a brick without mortar at the back. It is necessary for cleaning the channels. On the fifth row, a furnace door should be installed by analogy with a blower. The fifth row provides for bricklayingflat. The protruding elements will act as an external heat exchanger. From the seventh to the ninth row, the brick is flat. Next, lay the cast-iron hob. For laying between brick and metal, fiberglass or asbestos cord should be used. Without it, smoke will enter the room, and the clay solution will crumble from the thermal expansion of the cast-iron stove.
The last three layers must be laid in such a way as to form a place for the chimney. On the penultimate row there should be a metal valve. Separate it from the stone with an asbestos cord. After the masonry is dry, the rear brick without mortar is removed from the channel so that it is possible to remove construction debris. When the laying of the stove with your own hands was completed, a plinth must be nailed along the perimeter of the structure so that the sand does not spill out.
Smoke extraction
The chimney for the stove can be a metal or asbestos-cement pipe, the channel of which is 200 cm2, which corresponds to 11.5 cm in diameter in the case of a round section. The upper edge of the outlet should rise four meters above the grate combustion chamber. Above the roof, the pipe should protrude half a meter. If the stove starts to smoke during the first starts, the pipe should be extended by at least 25 cm.
Design for the bath
Before laying the stove, photos of such structures must be well considered and studied. They will allow you to understand what features the product should have. In addition, it is also important to correctlypick up materials. For example, clay is the main component of the furnace. It has high plasticity, which means that it requires the addition of sand. If the viscosity is not high enough, add less filler.
It is important to remember that when soaked, the volume of clay becomes larger. When it dries, it shrinks in size. If the masonry is carried out in conditions of high humidity or at temperatures below 0 ˚С, the clay will swell. This masonry is unsuitable.
When preparing a mortar for laying a stove brick, you must remember that the clay mixture is used in the construction of pipe heads, in the manufacture of foundations, in the design of ventilation ducts, in the manufacture of chimneys and in the construction of the outer walls of the chimney. Clay is also used for waterproofing. Her qualities help in this, because she absorbs excess water. There are three types of clay, these are:
- refractory;
- refractory;
- fusible.
This should be considered before construction starts.
Materials: brick
Laying the stove in the bath will involve the use, most often, burnt red brick. Such products have smooth edges and walls, and when tapped, the surface makes a metallic sound. An unburned pink brick, on the contrary, has a dull sound. It can be used when laying less important sections of the structure. In the manufacture of the foundation, dark brown burnt brick is used.
Masonry recommendations
The location of the stove must be determined by fire safety regulations. From the wall in the bath, the structure should be removed by 30 cm or more. The distance can be reduced by sticking asbestos board on wooden structures. This will eliminate the violation of fire safety rules.
In the work you need to use exceptionally durable and high-quality material. The use of silicate, hollow and slotted bricks is unacceptable. It is of low quality and does not heat the room, quickly deteriorating.
After preparation, you need to cover the clay-sand mortar, which will be used for masonry. The brick must be the same size so that the seams are the same. For the correct location without mortar, the first row of the furnace is laid out, after that - the first row of the chimney, while checking the alignment of the corners of the structure.
Step-by-step laying of the stove provides for wetting the brick at the first stage. Using a trowel, the required volume of solution is applied to the desired place after moistening. The brick is laid in place until the joints are filled, the excess mixture must be removed. During the laying process, it is periodically necessary to check the corners with a rail or a plumb line. The factor of smoothness of the inner walls is important - there should be no chips and mortar residues on their surface. This condition must be met.
You should not overwrite the inner base with clay. After drying, it will peel off and clog the chimney. The next row should be laid out only after the complete completion of the first. Additional elements of the furnace are installed during masonry. For example, doors are mounted usingannealed 3 mm wire. Along the edge of the door, you need to make a seal of asbestos cord. This will smooth out the coefficient of expansion of the metal surface. After the masonry work is completed, the stove is left for three days.
Scheme
Traditional ovens have a simple design. But this it allows to achieve high rates of efficiency and productivity. Having examined the scheme of the stove, you will be able to notice that the firebox is the main element of the body. Cooking ovens are complemented by stoves and ovens. If desired, you can install a tank for heating water.
Firewood or coal is loaded into the firebox. It can be of various sizes. When determining its size, some factors should be taken into account, for example:
- required capacity;
- type of fuel used;
- required volume.
If it is planned to heat with firewood, then this part of the structure can have a height of 50 to 100 cm. The scheme of the stove provides for the construction of a firebox made of refractory material. The walls must have a thickness of at least 0.5 bricks. The main element is the chimney. It is designed to remove gases with harmful inclusions. At the stage of its design, it is necessary to provide that its design has as few turns and bends as possible. Ideally, it's better to make this part completely vertical.
Bends can cause traction to deteriorate, reducing heating efficiency. The scheme of the stove also provides for the presence of a camera -ash pan. This is where the spent fuel is collected. It also provides air supply to the firebox. The ash chamber is located under the grate, its height is usually three bricks, it has its own door.
In conclusion
In order to provide furnace heating in the house, masonry work should be carried out. But first you need to decide on the type of furnace and build a foundation for it. It must be separated from the base of the house so that they do not interact with each other. This is especially true for the case when work is carried out after the construction of the dwelling.
It is also important to observe fire safety rules when laying brick stoves. So, the structure must be removed from the wall at a certain distance or the surfaces around the perimeter must be protected with refractory material.
