The most affordable way to build a roof structure is the construction of a pitched roof. It is suitable for buildings for various purposes, it can be a bathhouse, a garage or a residential building. Such a roof requires a modest financial investment, but is highly functional. The system is fairly simple, weather resistant, economical and maintainable.
Main types of roofing
Roofs are divided into pitched and flat. The latter are almost never used in the construction of one-story buildings. Considering the types of roofs of a one-story house, you can highlight:
- single slope;
- gable;
- hips;
- tent;
- combined;
- mansard;
- Multiforceps.
Single roofs are the most economical. Double-sided can be called a classic. When building hipped roofs, triangular slopes are taken as the basis. Recently, attic has become more and more popular.designs. For the design of elite houses, multi-gable roofs are most relevant.
Selection of flat roof materials
When considering the types of roofing materials for a flat roof, you can pay attention to rolled bitumen solutions, among which:
- rubemast;
- roofing material;
- stekloizol;
- Euroroofing material.
It is also necessary to pay attention to polymer membranes. They are known relatively recently, but today they have gained immense popularity. Roofs from them are resistant to mechanical stress and temperature extremes.
By equipping the roof with your own hands, you can use membrane materials. Their installation is simple, so the team has the opportunity to complete the work in a short time. The project of the roof of the house may include the use of a PVC membrane. The basis for it is polyvinyl chloride with fittings. The latter assumes the presence of a polyester mesh.
Preparation of materials
If you decide to build a pitched roof with your own hands, you will need to prepare:
- wooden bars;
- boards;
- nails;
- thermal insulation materials;
- vapor barrier;
- waterproofing membrane;
- nails for mounting boards and timber.
The load-bearing structures will be wooden beams. Their dimensions can be equal to 12x12 or 15x15 cm.which are laid on top of a horizontal beam.
You can cover the roof with your own hands with slate, which is fastened with slate nails. If the coating is different, then it will be necessary to use fasteners designed for this.
Among the tools to highlight:
- sharp knife;
- axe;
- hammer;
- hacksaw;
- construction stapler.
The latter will be needed when installing vapor and waterproofing, as well as fixing the film to the rafters. Do-it-yourself shed roof is built according to technology, which provides for the installation of battens and counter-battens. To do this, it is better to use a square bar with a side of 5 cm.
Installation of bars
Beams are laid in increments of 80 cm. They are placed at the top of the wall. Mauerlat can be the basis for them. Sometimes it is replaced by a seismic belt, which is a structure made of monolithic reinforced concrete. The installation is carried out along the upper perimeter of the walls with the repetition of their contour. The structure should be closed. It is used to increase the resistance of a structure to permanent loads caused by wind.
Form formation is installed to form a seismic belt. Its height should be slightly greater than the height of the future structure. The next step is to install the reinforcement. Mauerlat is a load laid along the perimeter of the outer wall. It acts as the bottom anchor point for the rafters. This element is used forload distribution. The lower part of the roof should be located on the leeward side.
If you are faced with the question of how to make a roof with your own hands, you should familiarize yourself with the technology. It provides for the installation of beams. Rafters are fixed on top of them, which will act as a support for the upper point of the roof. The number of rafters must correspond to the number of floor beams. After this step, you should get a right triangle, the sides of which are formed by vertical rafters and a beam.
At the final stage of the installation of the rafters, inclined beams should be mounted, which are fastened with anchors. In this case, we are talking about a concrete base. If the Mauerlat acts as a fixing surface, then nails must be used. For the convenience of work, boards can be laid on the rafters, along which workers can move during the construction of the roof. These elements are then removed when the need arises for slate laying.
Performing thermal insulation
Among the structural elements of the roof, a layer of thermal insulation should be distinguished. The design of the roofing cake will depend on the finish. Thermal insulation should be protected with vapor and waterproofing. The latter is necessary to protect the structure from moisture and extend its service life. Waterproofing is also needed to protect the insulation from moisture from the outside. Clay concrete or cement chip slag can act as a heater. But these materials have certain disadvantages. They are badresist water and do not retain the required amount of heat, releasing it into the atmosphere.
Today, it is customary to use complex materials, for example, URSA. This insulation is a mat, which may include a heat-insulating layer, fiberglass blocks and bas alt insulation mats. The main advantages of these solutions include low cost, ease of operation and efficiency of use.
Before installing the insulation, it is necessary to create a waterproofing. It is formed using material laid over the rafter legs. This technology can be used if the thickness of the thermal insulation is less than the height of the rafter leg. If these parameters are equal, the film must be laid on the upper plane of the bars, which will increase the height of the rafters.
Across the slopes is a waterproofing material, the overlap should be 100 mm. A gap of 50 mm is left between the waterproofing and the roof. For this, square bars with the corresponding side are used. Once the thermal insulation mats have been unpacked, it is necessary to wait until they recover their dimensions. This will take approximately 20 minutes. You can speed up the process by shaking the insulation.
The technology of building the roof of a house involves the use of insulation. It is important to know what its width is. This parameter is taken into account when drafting the project. If the distance between the rafters is 0.6 m, then mats of 1.2 m can be used. They are usually laid out in two layers. In other cases, theycut. Once the insulation takes its original shape, it can be cut and placed between the rafters.
Installation of the material is carried out in a spacer, its width should be 30 mm larger than the pitch between adjacent rafters. If the cutting of the mats was not carried out along the length of the slope, then to ensure reliable isolation of the horizontal sections, it is necessary to provide an overlap of 30 cm.
Between the waterproofing film and thermal insulation, it is necessary to provide a gap, to maintain it, a conductor made of bars is usually used. At the final stage of installing the insulation, you will have to arrange a layer of vapor barrier. It is located in the lower plane of the rafter legs and fastened with galvanized nails. They must have a flat head. Instead, you can use the staples of a construction stapler. The vapor barrier is laid with a 10 cm overlap. To ensure tightness, the connection is made with adhesive tape.
Installing the crate
Before starting work, you should consider the drawings of the roof. With your own hands in this case, it will be quite simple to cope with the work. They will allow you to understand what technology is used to create the crate. It is necessary to hold the finish coat. Its elements are based on a counter-lattice. For these purposes, square bars with a side of 50 mm are used. The distance between them will depend on the technology used and the material chosen.
Use knotty boards for lathing in case of laying slate is not worth it, since such elements are notcapable of withstanding snow load. It is better not to use raw lumber either, because the boards weaken and loosen as they dry, which causes the destruction of the entire roof. The simplest option is slate.
For the installation of wavy sheets, a transverse crate is required. Four bars should be placed under the sheet of covering material. If you purchased sheets of 175 cm, then the distance between the horizontal bars will be 44 cm. When using a different material, the crate will need its own. For a straight slate, it must be solid. For roll roofing or soft tiles, plywood sheathing is used.
Laying the finish coat
The project of the roof of the house involves laying the finish coating. Installation of sheets begins from the leeward side. The upper layers are mounted with an overlap on the lower one. The most popular mounting option is the technology in which the first sheet is located next to the gable overhang. Next are two sheets in the first row. Then you can proceed to stacking a couple of sheets in the second row.
In the process of work, you must ensure that the vertical overlap is between 12 and 20 cm. The horizontal overlap is one wave. Sheets must be stacked so that the sides of the top layer elements match the sides of the bottom elements.
In order to avoid distortion in those places where four sheets intersect, it is necessary to cut corners. In addition to cornice and ridge sheets,the rest are cut so that the size of the section being cut is the amount of overlap. Add 0.5 mm to this value. This will allow the sheets to be joined, providing a gap of 3 mm.
Breaking corners is not worth it, as this will cause a decrease in strength and cracks. Sometimes it is impossible to visually notice them, but sooner or later they will appear, which will cause accelerated wear of the structure and entail the need for expensive repairs.
Gable calculation
You can determine the area of the gable using the formula. The simplest shape is a triangle. Its height is determined as follows: S=0.5 h x l. Here S is the area, the length of the height is denoted by the letter h, while the length of the base is l.
Height in this case refers to the height of the roof, here we are talking about the step from the ceiling to the ridge beam. The length of the base will be equal to the length of the wall over which the pediment is erected. When calculating the gable of the roof, it does not matter whether the structure is symmetrical. But this parameter will affect the frame design.
Construction of a gable roof
If there are no capital partitions in the house, then the truss system must be supported on the side walls. Hanging structures are perfect for this. They are used if the distance between the walls does not exceed 14 m.
You can install hanging rafters of a gable roof with your own hands. They give a load on the side main walls. To reduce this pressure, horizontal and diagonal connectors are used. They connect betweenrafters and have the following names:
- bolt;
- grandma;
- puffs;
- struts.
Do-it-yourself gable roof
The elements that support the system can be fixed to the rafters or ridge beam. Puffs are installed at the bottom of the rafters and can be used as floor beams. For puffs and rafters, you need to select thick elements. This is especially true if there is living space in the attic. Rafter boards should have approximate dimensions of 55x200 mm.
When building the roof of a house with your own hands, you will need to install a hanging truss system. To do this, a waterproofing material is laid on the opposite bearing walls, it can be an ordinary roofing material. Mauerlat is attached from above. Use anchors for this.
This element is a powerful bar. A tightening bar is laid on it, which will act as a floor beam. Attic floor beams are mounted to the Mauerlat on the load-bearing wall. The distance between them can be 600 cm. There is a boardwalk on them. This will allow you to get a platform on which you can attach the rafters to each other.
When building the roof of a house with your own hands, you can fasten the first two rafters and put them on the Mauerlat, ensuring maximum evenness. The position of the remaining rafters will depend on this. For the rigidity of the installation, metal corners are used. They are attached with self-tapping screws. After mounting the first pair of opposing rafters, I install the same bundleon the other side of the building. The rafters are fastened together with a ridge beam, which is located below. Puffs are installed on the rafters.
If the attic is planned to be residential, then the puffs should be located high so that they become the basis for the ceiling. For structural rigidity, the joints are fixed with nails or self-tapping screws, and are also reinforced with metal plates, brackets or corners. Once the rafter system is completed, the floor boards are screwed to the ceiling beams. At the next stage, you can start arranging the roof.
Roof decking
When building a roof with your own hands, you will need to lay the roofing. The most efficient system is to create a pie that consists of the following elements:
- sheathing from the inside;
- vapor barrier layer;
- rafters;
- insulation;
- waterproofing film;
- counter rails;
- slate.
Sheathing from the inside can be done with plywood, moisture-resistant drywall or boards. The vapor barrier layer follows. As a heater, you can use mineral wool in mats. When making a roof with your own hands, you will need to lay waterproofing material on the roof. They can be a composite membrane or a conventional high-density polyethylene film. It is spread over the surface and provides an overlap of 250 mm. Fastening is carried out with brackets.
A counter-rake is stuffed on top of each rafter. Its thickness can range from 30 to 50 mm. With this element, you can provideventilation space between roofing material and waterproofing. A crate is laid perpendicular to the counter-rail. The distance between adjacent guides must be calculated depending on the length of the sheets of material. Before proceeding with the laying of the roofing material, it is necessary to fix the holder of the drainage system on the lower lath of the crate.
How to make a gutter
If you are faced with the question of how to make a gutter from the roof, then the first step is to install the gutter brackets. The distance between them should be 600 mm. The slope should be directed towards the drain. The next step is to mount the last bracket in the row. The gutter is laid next. A cap is mounted on the edge. If a storm sewer is installed around the house to drain rainwater, then the pipe can be connected to it.
