Brick housing construction still occupies its niche in construction. Brick laying is characterized by strength and stability. The strength of the masonry is its ability to perceive the load transmitted from the overlying structures. It is influenced by the size and shape of masonry materials, the density and thickness of the mortar joints, the brand of bricks and mortar. A thickness of 10-15 mm for longitudinal (horizontal) seams and 8-15 mm for vertical ones is normalized.
Stability of masonry is its ability to maintain position under horizontal (for example, wind) loads, it limits the height of the wall being built.
Brick laying on the outer side of the wall is made of full-fledged high-quality bricks, and on the inside, brick with flaws, halves is used. Pieces are used for backfilling.
In order for the walls to be erected to be vertical, and the seams to be horizontal, even, use fixtures - a mooring(stretched horizontally) and ordering (installed vertically, in the corners). All brick laying is carried out with dressing of seams (the second row starts with half a brick). This not only gives an aesthetic appearance to the wall, but also evenly distributes the load. The outer row of bricks in the wall is a verst, the inner row is backfill. Brick laying is tychkovy and spoon. In the first case, the brick is laid across the wall, in the second - along it.
Types of brick laying: single-row, three-row, and also multi-row. In the first case, with a single-row chain system, the bonding and spoon rows alternate dressings. Vertical transverse seams are offset by a quarter of the brick, while longitudinal - by half. Such masonry is easy to perform, has high strength, but is laborious.
With a three-row dressing, three rows of spoons alternate with one tying. Transverse vertical seams in 3 adjacent rows are not bandaged. This type of masonry is used in the construction of piers up to 1 m wide and pillars.
The multi-row system is characterized by tying rows, either three or five spoon rows. The transverse vertical seams of the rows of bonders are made with an offset of a quarter of a brick, of spoon rows - by half a brick. Longitudinal vertical seams from the 2nd to the 6th rows are not bandaged. Multi-row brickwork is more productive, but less durable.
The first stage of masonry loading is normal natural exploitation. The second stage of loading leads to the appearance of cracks in individual bricks. At the third stagevertical cracks develop, but the masonry still perceives external forces, works, although it already needs restoration.
Brickwork repair is associated with problems such as cracks in bricks, chipping of bricks, failure of joints. If the cracks are small, then they are slightly expanded, cleaned and filled with liquid cement mortar. In case of significant cracks, the solution should be thicker and with the addition of glue. Sometimes bricks crumble. To replace (a small amount), the seam mortar is carefully knocked out with a chisel and hammer, brick, debris, dirt are removed and a high-quality brick is laid on the new mortar. To repair the seam, the old mortar that has become unusable is knocked out and replaced with a new one.
