If the building has several floors, then there must be a staircase. In a private house, this is a means of combining floors, as well as an interior element that can be ordered from a construction company or made independently.
Design selection
Installation of wooden stairs begins with the choice of design features of the product. Today, a great many of them are known, among them it is worth highlighting those that simple or elite stairs have. And in private houses, marching or classical, as well as spiral or screw systems are usually installed. The first ones are a flat surface with steps that are located at an angle of 30 to 45 ˚. Such designs are angular or straight. They are the most common today and most suitable for rooms where there is enough space for overall structures.
If you install a wooden staircase of this type, you will get a structure that will be convenient to climb and descend, as the system corresponds to the biomechanics of human movements. Forto determine the size, it is necessary to measure the height of the wall and the length of the floor under the "shoe". Next, you should depict a right-angled triangle, the legs of which will be the floor and the wall. The hypotenuse will be the surface with steps. The ideal angle is 45 ˚.
Spiral or spiral staircases are more complex, but spectacular stairs that cannot but attract attention with originality. The load in such systems falls on the support to which the steps are fixed. They are interconnected by railings. Climbing such a ladder, you will walk around the axis. Such designs are most often installed in rooms with limited space.
The spiral system can be installed against a load-bearing wall or in the middle of a room. Despite this feature, the installation of such a ladder is carried out less frequently than marching counterparts, since they are less convenient. When a person climbs it, his risk of injury increases. With a decrease in the opening for the spiral structure, the staircase will be steeper. This nuance is important for those who plan to install a lift in a narrow room.
When choosing materials for the manufacture of railings, steps and supports, you should prefer metal and wood. It will be convenient to move along such a ladder if the central width of the step is made equal to 20 cm or more. The wide part will be 35-40 cm.
Work technology
Before you install a wooden staircase, you must check and evaluate the surface of the ceiling for strength. The materials must be ableto undergo a load more than 20% than planned. Otherwise, you may experience collapse of the supporting structures. This happens for several reasons. The first is the impressive mass of stairs. The second factor is the wrong design. The cause of the collapse may be an insufficient number of support points or load-bearing elements. Sometimes the materials are not as strong and the floor is rather weak.
After you have decided on the type of stairs and selected a place for it, you should calculate marches and other elements. This step is called project creation. Materials are purchased in accordance with the calculations. Then you can start preparing the beams, they will make bowstrings and stringers.
Then you can mark up and prepare for the installation of steps and risers. The next step will be the assembly of marches. The risers are attached to them, and then the steps themselves. Between the marches there should be an intermediate platform. It can be a plank shield, it can also be made from lumber.
When installing a wooden staircase, the next step is to install the marches, fixing them to the floor. In this case, it is necessary to use a transverse support beam. Marches must be strengthened to the ceiling, and bolts or anchors must be used.
Now you need to start installing the fence. For this, balusters and intermediate racks are installed. The connection can be made in a groove or with metal studs. Now the extreme pillars must be installed, which are fixed to the main wallanchors. The railing is attached in the next step. If the design involves the presence of jewelry, they should first be covered with an additional layer of varnish.
Step-by-step instruction describing the technology: tool preparation
To carry out the installation of the stairs, you need to prepare the following tools:
- hammer;
- planer;
- hacksaw;
- level;
- clamps;
- screwdriver.
You will definitely need self-tapping screws. When designing, you will need to determine the number of steps. Experts recommend choosing an odd number. For adults, the railings are located at a height of 90 cm from the floor. For children, this value should be reduced to 60 cm. If the width of the stairs is more than 110 cm, handrails are installed on 2 sides.
Carrying out cutting of material and assembly of load-bearing elements
When installing a wooden staircase to the second floor, you will need to cut the material. A rather difficult task is the manufacture of carved pillars and railings. Then how to cut the details you will be able to. On the beam of the bowstring, you must make marks in those places where grooves should be made for the steps. After checking the correctness of the calculations using a manual router, you will need to make indentations. The supporting beams must have a cross section of 50 x 250 mm. The step thickness is 25 mm.
Installation of a wooden staircase to the second floor is accompanied by the installation of a bowstring or stringer. ATThe article will consider the second option. It is more complex but reliable. To do this, take the beam and cut it so that the length is less than the length of the stairs by the thickness of the tread. Then the openings are cut out, where the steps will be located. To do this, use a pencil and a construction square. On the inner side of the stringer, perpendicular lines should be noted along the height of the riser and the width of the horizontal element. 3 cm must be subtracted from this value. The excess part should be removed with an electric saw.
The load-bearing beam is installed in place. If all the calculations were correct, then the lower side of the workpiece will rest against the floor, and the upper side against the ceiling. You will need 2 or more load-bearing elements, so you need to take another beam and make the same cuts. To simplify the process, you can use the first blank as a template. The product is then processed with a grinder, the edges must be milled and the beams connected at the top and bottom. To fix the latter, it is necessary to make cuts and strengthen the elements with bolted joints.
Installation of steps and installation of railings
The next step is to install the steps of the wooden stairs. The first will be installed vertical elements that are attached to the front side of the kosour. Reliable fastening can be achieved with self-tapping screws, but you can also use special glue.
Treads are prepared next, which must be sanded and milled, and then strengthened to the base. If athe bearing element is a bowstring, the horizontal parts of the steps must be installed in the grooves into which glue is first poured. Next, you can do the installation of railings and balusters of a wooden staircase.
Intermediate elements, as a rule, are located on each stage, because this way it is possible to provide reliable protection. Their fastening is carried out with long hairpins. There should be railings on top. These elements can be made from any material. Instead of intermediate posts, partitions can be installed.
Installing wooden steps on a concrete structure
You may be faced with the task of installing wooden steps on a concrete staircase. First you need to prepare the base. If the work was carried out by professionals, then the surface does not have significant defects. In this case, it will be necessary to level the surface using self-leveling compounds. If there are noticeable differences in height, you should work first. To do this, a substrate should be mounted under each step. It is made from plywood. This will protect the structure from mechanical damage and stress, in addition, the product will act as a shock absorber.
When installing a wooden staircase on a concrete structure, plywood sheets should be purchased, the thickness of which is 1.5 cm. Workpieces are cut from them according to the size of the steps. The surface is primed, glue for wood is applied to the pieces of plywood on the reverse side. After that, the prepared elements are installed in place. Rightthe position of the substrates must be checked with a building level. Plywood is additionally attached. Glue for this will not be enough. Dowels are usually used additionally. Their installation is carried out on both sides of the steps. You can determine the number of hardware yourself.
Recommendations for fastening "clothes" for stairs
Instructions for the installation of wooden stairs in the next step involves cutting the tread and riser from the selected wood. Three holes must be drilled in the lower part of the riser, deepening by 1.5 cm. The cross section of the hole being made should not exceed 0.5 cm. The holes are located in the center of the riser and on both sides. Bolts must be screwed into the hole, which will act as anchors. Their ends should protrude 8 mm above the surface. Bolt heads are cut off with a grinder or bitten off.
The riser is substituted for the first step. In this case, the place where the anchor will fall should be marked on the floor. Holes are drilled in the designated areas, which are then filled with epoxy. The riser must be installed in the place intended for it. This element is fixed to the plywood substrate with liquid nails. A piece of plywood is smeared with adhesive, and then a riser is applied to it.
When installing stairs in a wooden house, it is necessary to act according to the same analogy. At the same time, some craftsmen advise plywood and risers to be fixed with universal screws or nails. But at the same timeyou must ensure that the wood is not damaged, as well as plywood products.
The next step is to install the treads. To do this, a groove is cut in the material. It should be located at the junction of the end of the riser and tread. A riser is attached to the second end of the tread. For this you need to use self-tapping screws. The groove and the plywood substrate are treated with an adhesive, after which the first step can be installed. In order to ensure a good grip, it is necessary to place something heavy on top. The installation of the remaining steps is carried out according to the same principle. After the wooden steps are installed, it is necessary to seal the gaps and sand the surface. After sanding, you need to process the wood stain. After it dries, varnish should be applied to the steps.
Creating a wooden frame
Installation of stairs on a wooden frame provides for compliance with the specified height of the march. The steps should have the same height, and the width of the bottom board should be 10 cm. If you want to equip the underground with a door, you should mark the dimensions of the opening on the shields and cut the boards along the lines. If it was not possible to buy long boards, sheathing can be done with short pieces, the length of which will be 90 cm. They are placed in a run.
Manufacturing and installation of wooden stairs is accompanied by cutting racks for risers. Their height should be determined by the height from ground level to the top of the riser. To do this, you can use a square bar with a side of 50 cm. If the porch has a railing, you canuse boards 50 x 150 cm. This will ensure the strength of the structure.
At the next stage, steps and risers can be made, the length of which will be 1.2 m. This value is equal to the width of the flight of stairs. The risers are made of 110 mm board, the thickness of which will be 50 mm. The steps must be assembled from a 50 mm tongue and groove board, resulting in a 350 x 1200 mm slab. A groove should be located on the reverse side of the step. Its depth is 15 mm. The width of the groove must be equal to the thickness of the riser.
It is necessary to retreat 50 mm from the front edge. Riser and steps are assembled at an angle. It is necessary to use screws for this. In those places where the racks pass, grooves with the appropriate dimensions must be cut on the steps.
More about railing installation
After installing the racks, the railing is screwed to the structure. The ends of the march struts should be cut at an angle. To do this, a twine is stretched between the tops of the racks. Then you need to outline the cut points and remove the extra parts. Railings should be screwed to the racks. In places of their transition from an inclined plane to a horizontal, it is necessary to provide an overlap on the connection.
If the distance between the uprights is more than 15 cm, they are sewn up with decorative details or a false upright. When installing the railing of a wooden staircase, balusters can be installed on the steps. In this case, they will need to be cut only from above. Balusters on the steps are seated with the help of studs or dowels. To do this, cut holes in the steps. On the installed balusters there is a handrail,which is fixed with screws. After mounting the railing of a wooden staircase, you can begin to paint the structure with varnish. It is applied in several layers, between which it is necessary to wait until the material dries.
In closing
Many materials have been proposed for the manufacture of stairs today, but wood is still considered one of the most reliable and popular. Wooden structures create a feeling of home comfort. In the process of work, one of the important points is the accurate calculation, manufacturing according to technology and the correct installation of a wooden staircase with your own hands. It is also necessary to take a responsible approach to the choice of materials and tools, this will ensure a good result and avoid problems in the future.
