The desire for aesthetics was noticed in ancient times. Some people ask themselves the question of how the creativity of the masters developed. This review is dedicated to such art as design. The history of design, the emergence of theory and the stages of formation - all this is considered further. Having made a small journey into the past, the reader will learn how the styles of interior design, clothing, landscape developed.
Design Definition
In translation from Italian, the word "design" means "concept", "composition", "model". In Russian, it appeared recently, but the art itself began to take shape many centuries ago. A modern specialist engaged in the type of activity under consideration must know many features from subject areas and be able to use them correctly in practice when creating projects. Masters of their craft work in collaboration with architects, clients, builders, suppliers and contractors to organize the interior space.
History of design theory
First ideas about the relationship between beauty and benefitarose from the ancient Greek scientists Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Aristippus, Protagoras. At that time, there were already works on the connection of man with machines. The considered creative direction has the following versions of origin.
- In the middle of the 19th century, the development of industrial production created a need for a new type of activity aimed at decoration and aesthetics. This is how the design came about.
- At the end of the 19th century, the basic rules of theory and principles were formed, which later influenced the schools of masters. So design began to combine art and craft.
- At the beginning of the 20th century, artists rose to prominence in industry. They developed the corporate identity of the enterprises and were able to influence the production of various electrical appliances and cars. So design became an art-industrial activity.
- The appearance of a graduate is associated with the formation of design schools in the 20th century.
Periodical publications have made and continue to make a great contribution to the theory of the origin of the history of design.
How did design evolve? 1st and 2nd stages
The formation of this art in Russia has an intermittent character: after high growth, there was a low decline. But the strength has always been and remains aesthetics. The evolution of design can be divided into several stages.
At the first stage (1917-1922), the creation of design was carried out in the collision of production with mass propaganda art, as well as the active design of streetcelebrations and political processions. During this period, new approaches to the design of advertisements, posters and book products began to be applied, which was the beginning of the development of graphic design.
At the second stage (1923-1932), Russia became one of the main centers for the training of professional designers at production faculties. At this time, certain concepts were formed that directed the further development of art, and projects began to be developed for the arrangement of homes, workplaces and public places. There was a triumph in collages, type compositions, book designs, poster graphics.
Design History: Stage 3
Creative activity in 1933-1960 was stopped due to the introduction of the principle of standardization, applied not only to a person, but also to the created environment. For this reason, the era of the unity of aesthetic conceptuality has ended. The design was divided into several areas: subject-household, decorative design and engineering.
Design Evolution: Phase 4
The development of art resumed at the fourth stage, which became significant in history. In the early 60s, the first theoretical developments in the field of web design appeared. In 1961, VNIITE (All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Technical Aesthetics) was established. His publications won first places in European culture. The considered creative activity has become very popular. Many standards have been revised, and all attention has been focused on subjectspopular consumption. Under the influence of Western European schools of graphic design, the style of periodicals has changed. Eclectic retro style trends were highly valued in the 70s.
When private ownership appeared and competition intensified (late 80s - early 90s), Russian advertising became one of the important tools for business promotion. It was then that interest in graphic design greatly increased and the production of publications distributing goods and services increased.
The origin of interior design
People have always strived to create a beautiful environment in their home. That is why the services of professional designers remain in demand at the present time. The history of interior design dates back to ancient times. For a primitive man, a cave was considered to be housing, which he decorated with stones, skins, drawings on the walls, tree roots and other improvised items.
Ancient Egyptian art began to take shape during the Early Kingdom. The culture was clearly expressed by the principles of monumentality and static character. At this time, the construction of above-ground tombs with burial chambers began. The mastaba became the most significant architecture. The era of the Middle Kingdom is considered the period of the founding of carpentry. In Egypt, the seat with a back first appeared, later becoming a template for all chairs that entered modern design.
The history of interior design was supplemented by architectural products from Ancient Greece: stone slabs, mosaics, wood, brick - all this was used to build temples. Walls and ceilingsplastered and decorated with paintings. Theaters occupied a special place in the country under consideration. Instead of doors in residential buildings, fabric curtains were often used to decorate the home environment. They were applied mythological or historical images. The furniture was decorated with nice inlays and paintings.
Ancient Rome also left its mark on the history of interior design. The inhabitants of this country actively built baths (antique baths), the interior decoration of which was distinguished by real luxury: vaulted ceilings, mosaic floors, pools, gardens. Gold, silver, marble, wood, bronze, ivory were often used in the setting.
Gothic culture was formed in France. It was in this country that twisted columns and lancet arches were used. The walls of the living quarters were covered with plaster, and paintings were made on the ceilings. Heraldic shields and weapons were installed in the front halls, and wicker reed rugs were laid on the floor.
Features of the formation of landscape design
Arranging the space around your home has been relevant at all times. In this regard, the history of landscape design has evolved along with mankind, although the name appeared about 200 years ago. If earlier people were strongly attached to nature and kept a garden, now they create a special look around their house for beauty.
The first parks for walking appeared with the beginning of the slave system and belonged to the rich sections of society. The better the financial situation of the owner, the more beautiful were the gardens surroundinghis housing. In each country, landscape design has developed in its own direction.
In ancient Egypt, the priests grew different flowers with exquisite aromas, and lotuses were placed on the surface of the reservoirs. During the reign of Cleopatra, roses were cultivated. In Thebes, the pergola was widespread, which is a structure of plants and bunches of grapes, stretching across the courtyard.
The development of landscape art in Persia began with the creation of reserves with different types of animals (boars, lions, artiodactyls) intended for hunting. It was from the Persians that neatly trimmed hedges came, dividing the park into different zones.
China and Japan are countries developing under the influence of ancient philosophies and religions, calling for the unity of man with nature. Therefore, in the gardens of these residents there were water features, stones or gazebos, creating a peaceful and harmonious design.
The history of landscape design in Russia is similar to the European one. Botanical greenhouses and parks appeared in the 17th century. Then they began to grow tulips, hyacinths and daffodils, which came from Holland. Over time, life changed, and new styles gradually replaced the old ones. Changes in garden architecture were especially noticeable in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Evolution in the fashion world
The history of fashion design began to take shape since ancient times, as people have always strived to create beautiful, warm and comfortable things. Depending on the culture, special outfits, hairstyles and accessories were made. Designclothing divided peoples according to property and caste status (warriors, officials, merchants, peasants). The active development of fashion began after the appearance of fabrics, threads and sewing machines.
The primary sources of clothing design are workshops in France and Italy, whose tailors have become real professionals. During the Middle Ages, the art in question did not develop, since non-standard clothing was not welcome. However, in the Renaissance, changes took place, and the history of fashion was supplemented with new events: festive clothes, underwear for ladies, as well as velvet and silk appeared. The neckline has become deeper, and the cutouts of the dresses have increased. Zeitgeist has always been a big influence on design.
The history of the design of women's clothing of the XX century was supplemented by strict men's models of trousers and jackets. The wars left their mark, after which coats appeared. Nowadays, there is fashion in every country, and fashion designers show their work to the whole world.
Design is a direction of creative activity that never stops at the achieved level. People have new needs and ideas, and masters of their craft bring ideas to life or create their own original style. Therefore, the art in question is in constant development.
