Today, many owners of private houses and apartments need to replace the wiring. The growth in the number of electrical appliances in our homes, the increase in their power leads to the need to use special communications. Fastening the wire to the wall must be carried out in accordance with established rules and regulations. If these requirements are not followed, the system will not be secure. Short circuit and fire may occur. Therefore, it is worth considering in detail how the correct mount is created.
General Requirements
Fixing the wire can be done using different techniques. The choice depends on many factors. This is influenced by the type of support, the material from which it is made. It is also worth considering that there is open and hidden wiring in the walls. For each variety, special rules and regulations have been developed that allow you to perform all actions correctly. In this case, the system will be functional and safe.
Regardless of whether the cable will be laid on the street or in the house, open or closed, there are a number of general rules. They must be taken into account in the process of work.
Fastening the wire to a wall, ceiling, pole, cable or other surfaces is carried out using special fasteners designed for such work. The optimal distance between the clamps is from 40 to 50 cm. If dowels, screws or self-tapping screws are used during work, they must be tightened to the stop. It is unacceptable to leave a hat on the surface. It may damage the wire insulation.
The cable must be laid evenly. There should be no humps on the line. If a turn is made on the track, it must be done at an angle of 90º. In this case, you can increase the number of fasteners in this area. So the fixation will be reliable and durable. Wire slack should be avoided.
Surface type
Fastening wires to the house, internal surfaces or other objects is selected in accordance with the base material. It can have different densities. The choice of fastener depends on this. Surfaces can be as follows:
- Dense. These materials include wood and plaster. To fix the wires on a similar surface, self-tapping screws or nails are quite suitable. Some materials, such as chipboard, will require you to pre-drill holes with a diameter slightly smaller than the self-tapping screw.
- Solid. This group of materials includes brick, concrete,cement screeds, etc. Dowel nails are suitable for such surfaces. The plastic cap is driven into a hole previously prepared on the surface. Next, a metal rod is driven into it. A plate is installed on it, to which the wire is fixed.
- Thin and soft. It can be aerated concrete, fiberboard, plastic, drywall or SIP panels. The wire is fastened with the help of special clamps with an extended lower part. This allows for a large footprint. As a result, the retainer will not fall out of such material. Such fasteners are called "umbrellas", "butterflies", etc.
If the walls are very thin, you need special fasteners. It can be purchased from specialized stores.
Clips
Considering the methods of attaching wires, you should pay attention to the most common options for clamps. Clips are one of them. With their help, you can install the cable on the surface of the ceiling, walls, etc. At the same time, the attachment points look neat, almost imperceptible. Similar fasteners are used for open wiring.
The shape of the clips is different. Such products can be plastic or metal. The second option is more common. Metal clamps can be painted in the same color as the base after installing the cable. This way they look less noticeable. Plastic clips are suitable for fixing corrugated plastic channels in which cables are laid.
The simplest design is made in the form of a bow with holes forself-tapping screws on both sides. There are clips that can withstand the fire gap. This option is suitable for laying a track on a flammable surface.
Clips can also be made in the form of a strip of metal. To install it, you need to bring the cable inside, and then install the system on the surface.
Clips are inexpensive fasteners that are highly functional. However, when installing a large number of wires, such clamps are inconvenient. In this case, during the installation, you need to screw in the screws. This procedure is time consuming.
Dowel
Fastening the wire to the wall or ceiling is possible with the help of special dowels. They may have different configurations. Depending on the upper part of the product, they distinguish:
- dowel clips;
- with dowel platform;
- dowel-tie.
The first of these options is the most inconspicuous. The appearance of the outer part of the dowel resembles a curved strip, which has specific branches at the end. It is necessary to select dowel clips in accordance with the shape of the cable (flat or round), as well as the size of the cross section of the wire. Installation requires drilling a hole in the base. Then a wire is inserted into the clip, and its legs are driven into the prepared recess.
Dowel tie allows you to fasten quickly. This option is suitable for both open and closed installation. Made from non-flammable materials. There is a regular plastic tie at the end of the dowel.
Mount with platform underthe dowel is an improved dowel-screed. Their tops are identical. The mount with a platform has the ability to put on the upper part after installing the dowel in the prepared hole.
Other options
Fixing the wire to dense surfaces (wood, plaster) can be done using clips with a metal nail. They look like a plate with a hole for the wire. On one side is a nail. It is driven into the material to fix the wire. It is a fast and secure mount.
You can fix the wire to a wooden surface with a stapler with U-shaped staples. This mounting option will be less noticeable if you use clamps with long legs and a rounded back. Special staples for the stapler are also on sale, which have plastic stops. Such clamps will not transfer the cable if a large force is set on the device.
The use of a stapler allows you to quickly mount the track. However, this method is not suitable for hard, thin or soft surfaces. Fasteners are invisible. In an hour, you can lay a significant section of the route. If you need to dismantle the cable, very small, almost imperceptible holes will remain in the base.
It is worth considering that the use of a stapler is suitable for installing small communications. The width of the bracket can be maximum 12.5 mm. Therefore, this method is most often used for installing a telephone or Internet cable. If you need to installwire type VVG, this method will not work.
Fixation to support
It is not always possible to fix the wire on a flat surface of a wall or ceiling. Sometimes it is required to fasten the wire to a pole, pipe or overhead line (VL) or cable. In this case, special techniques are used.
If you want to fix the cable on a reinforced concrete pole, use plastic ties. They are painted black. These are long strips that allow you to tighten one end into the retainer on the other side. The service life of such products is 5 years.
Fastening wires on supports can be done using special clamps. However, they will require drilling holes, which is not always convenient. If the pole already has a round wire for grounding with a cross section of at least 5-6 mm, use plastic ties to attach the cable to it.
Sometimes communications are carried out inside metal (special) pipes. If this is street wiring, the cable has high rigidity. Therefore, it can be skipped through the entire maze. Communications will be securely held inside the pipe. It is closed at the top and bottom with a cork. It is made from foam. This will further secure the wire. It will not press against the edges of the pipe. To avoid movement of the wire, it is fixed at the exit to the wall of the house.
Fixation to rope
The fastening of wires to the overhead line deserves special attention. Such lines are usually made of special cables. You can attach a cable to them using hangers.from metal or plastic. These fasteners are made up of two parts. The first one has a hole for a cable. It is relatively small. The second part of the suspension has a hole for laying wires. Its diameter is quite large.
You need to choose the right hangers. Their cost differs depending on the material from which such clamps are made. Metal hangers are more durable. However, they take a little longer to install. To do this, you need to tighten the screws. If you want to lay a route from a cable along a cable, which has a short duration, it is better to choose metal suspensions. They are more reliable. The cost of metal clamps is higher than that of plastic ones. However, such an acquisition pays off during operation.
Plastic hangers are mounted faster. If you need to lay a long track, it is better to choose them. These clamps are simply tightened. However, the period of operation is no more than 5 years.
Features of fixing to insulators VL
For overhead lines, the wire is fastened to the insulator. This is quite a responsible job. You need to have certain skills and abilities. If it is required to attach steel wires to insulators, soft galvanized wire made of steel, aluminum or their alloy is used for fixing.
For self-supporting SIP wires, fixing to insulators is carried out using a special knitting. It is made of spring wire, the surface of which is coated with a polymer. There are established standards for fixing such elements.outdoor wiring.
If you need to fix the wire on the insulator on a straight section of the route, fastening is performed on its head or neck. For corner supports, it is possible to mount only on the neck. In places where anchor supports are installed or the overhead line passes through obstacles (for example, railway tracks or communication lines), it is required to create an especially strong fixation. Here they create a single or double fastening of wires. There are different options for such fixation:
- single reinforced mount;
- double end lock;
- one and a half wire anchors;
- single corner fixation;
- double corner mount.
Choosing the correct option can only be done by an experienced, qualified electrician.
Flush-wiring trays
If you want to lay a large number of wires under the ceiling or in the floor, use special metal trays. This avoids the procedure of drilling a large number of holes in the base. Trays are made of perforated metal or special wire.
Products shown may vary in size. They are fixed with studs that are attached to the ceiling, or suspensions. The latter may look like the letter "T" or "G". First you need to install the tray on the ceiling. Next, a wire is laid in it. Perforated trays are suitable for non-combustible surfaces, and non-perforated metal boxes are suitable for combustible materials.
Perforated metal boxes are suitablefor laying communications in the thickness of the floor. Such designs help protect the wires from rodents.
Fixation of hidden and open communications
If you plan to create hidden wiring, you should pay attention not to the aesthetics of the fasteners, but to their safety and reliability. For these purposes, screeds of any configuration are suitable. They can be fixed with a dowel or other suitable means. Also suitable for this and clips. Fasteners can also be homemade.
You can make strobes in walls or flooring. Further, the cable is laid here in plastic corrugated channels. They are fixed with mortar. If the wall material is combustible, special trays should be used.
If you want to mount open wiring, you can use special cable channels. In this case, the wires can pass in plastic boxes directly along the wall finish. You can hide unseemly communications inside special skirting boards.
Having considered the options for attaching the wire, you can choose the appropriate variety. The latches in this case will be durable, reliable and aesthetic. The choice of mounting method is influenced by the features of the installation of the wire, the base material, the method of laying communications.
